Unit 1 Retake Review

Multiple Choice

A _____ is something in the environment that causes an organism to respond.

• stimulus
• response
• cause
• effect

Multiple Choice

When a baby kitten becomes an adult cat, this is an example of...

• energy metabolism
• growth and development
• response to stimuli
• having cells

Multiple Choice

Living things are based on a universal genetic

code. What molecule is responsible for that code?

• RNA

• Lipid

• Protein

• DNA

Multiple Choice

The combination of chemical reactions through

which an organism builds up or breaks down

materials as it carries out its life processes is called ...

• absorption

• metabolism

• digestion

• consumption

Multiple Choice

Maintaining a stable internal

environment is called

• homeostasis

• equilibrium

• balance

• evenness

Multiple Choice

A reaction to a stimulus is a ______________.

• hiccup
• response
• metabolism
• homeostasis

Multiple Choice

Every organism must pass on its ________________, stored in DNA.

• metabolism
• response
• growth
• genetic code

Multiple Choice

Identify the characteristic: when you step out into the cold, your body shivers in order to keep its temperature at 98.6^oF.

• All living things use energy

• All living things contain cells

• All living things maintain homeostasis

• All living things grow and develop

Multiple Choice

Identify the characteristic: green plants produce their own food through the process of photosynthesis.

• All living things use energy

• All living things contain cells

• All living things maintain homeostasis

• All living things grow and develop

A Basic unit of a

Chemical Element

Atom

A Group of Atoms

Bonded together

Molecule

Open Ended

What is the Chemical formula for the Glucose molecule?

the Smallest Unit of

Living Things

Cell

made up of a group cells to perform a specific function

​Tissues

Made up of a group of similar tissues that work together to perform a specific activity

Organ

Made up of a group of similar organs that work together to perform a specific function

Organ System

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct order of organization in living things from most basic (simple) to most complex?

• a.  Organism, cell, tissue, organ, organ system
• a.  Organ system, organ, tissue, cell, organism
• a.  Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
• a.  Cell, organ, tissue, organ, organism, organ system

Multiple Choice

The smallest level of organization of life in an organism

• tissue
• cell
• organ
• organ system

Multiple Choice

Groups of cells with similar functions.

• Organs

• Molecules

• Tissues

• Organelles

Multiple Choice

Group of tissues with similar functions.

• Organelles

• Cells

• Tissues

• Organs

Multiple Choice

Group of organs with similar functions.

• Organism

• Cell

• Organ

• System

Multiple Choice

The basic unit of structure and function for the body.

• cell
• atom
• organelle
• nucleus

Multiple Choice

A structure made up of different types of tissue and performs a specific job.

• cells

• tissue

• organ

• organ system

Multiple Choice

A group of similar cells that perform the same function.

• tissue
• organelle
• mass
• tendon

Multiple Choice

A group of organs that work together to perform a major function is an organ

• system
• column
• bank
• stack

Reorder

Reorder the following in ascending order

• Cell

• Tissue

• Organ

• Organ System

• You

1

2

3

4

5

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4
• 5

Multiple Choice

A group of similar types of cells that work together to do a specific job is called a/an _____.

• tissue
• organ
• stem cell
• organ system

Multiple Choice

A group of different tissues working together to do a job is called a/an _____.

• tissue
• organ
• stem cell
• organ system

Multiple Choice

A group of different organs working together to do a series of jobs is called a/an _____.

• tissue
• organ
• stem cell
• organ system

Macromolecules

All macromolecules are organic (compounds bonded with carbon and hydrogen atoms)

Macromolecules have two forms:

◦Monomer – single subunit (small molecule)

◦Polymer – many subunits (large molecule)

Four types of macromolecules are found in all living organisms

◦Carbohydrates

◦Lipids

◦Proteins

◦Nucleic acids

Function:

◦Used for short-term energy

◦Used for structure in a cell

Structure:

◦Monomer – monosaccharides

◦One sugar

◦C (carbon), H (hydrogen), O (oxygen)

◦Ratio 1:2:1

◦Glucose: C6H12O6

Example:

◦Sugars (end in –ose)

◦Starch, Cellulose, Glycogen

​

​CARBOHYDRATE

​monomer

​polymer

Simple Carbohydrates

There are two major types of carbohydrates, often referred to as 'carbs', in foods- simple and complex. Simple carbohydrates are also called simple sugars and can be found in refined sugars such as the white sugar found in sugar bowls. Simple sugars are found in nutritious foods too such as fruit and milk.

Complex Carbohydrates

The second type is called complex carbohydrates and is also called starches. They can be found in grain products such as pasta, bread, crackers, and rice. As with simple sugars, there are better choices of nutritious foods that contain complex carbohydrates. There are refined grains. Such as white flour and white rice, removes nutrients and fiber after being processed.

Lipids

• Lipids are used for long term energy storage

• Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes

• Foods that include a lot of lipids are oils and butter, some fish, nuts,and avocados

Lipids

Lipids are made of fatty acids

There are two types: saturated and unsaturated

Proteins:

• are polymers made of amino acids

• contain C, H, O and N

• are diverse in structure and function

​Proteins

• Proteins contain the elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON)​

• Proteins are biomolecules or ​polymers.

  • Proteins are made up of re​peating units of amino acids

  • There are 20 different AA's that can be combined to make a protein

Multiple Choice

The monomer of a protein is....

• Amino acids

• Fatty acids

• Glucose

• Starch

Proteins functions

Protein has many roles in your body.

It helps repair and build your body's tissues,

allows metabolic reactions to take place

and coordinates bodily functions.

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids functions

The functions of nucleic acids have to do with the storage and expression of genetic information. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) encodes the information the cell needs to make proteins. A related type of nucleic acid, called ribonucleic acid (RNA), comes in different molecular forms that participate in protein synthesis.

Nucleic acids structures

Nucleic acids which we will cover in more depth later, are composed of a 5 carbon sugar , phosphate back bone and an amino acids

you have differently amino acids to help code for different things.

Nucleic acids

Nucleic acids are found in DNA and RNA within the nucleus of the cell

Multiple Select

Which of the following elements are found in all macromolecules? (Select all that apply).

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule is used as our main source of energy?

• Lipids/Fats

• Nucleic Acids

• Proteins

• Carbohydrates

Multiple Select

Which of the following are examples of carbohydrates? (Select all that apply).

• Bread

• Pasta

• Olive Oil

• Cheese

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule stores energy?

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

• Lipids/Fats

• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

Proteins are made of monomers called ___________

• Nucleotides
• Monosaccharides
• Amino Acids
• Glycerol and fatty acids

Multiple Choice

Nucleotides are monomers of

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

Monosaccharides are monomers of

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

What is the function of nucleic acids?

• store genetic information
• store energy (long-term)
• store energy (short-term)
• build skin, hair, nails, muscles

Multiple Choice

Which of the following organic compounds is the main source of energy for living things?

• carbohydrates
• lipids
• nucleic acids
• proteins

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule stores energy, insulates us, and makes up the cell membrane?

• lipids
• proteins
• carbohydrates
• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

What are the monomers of DNA?

• glycerols
• amino acids
• fatty acids
• nucleotides

Multiple Choice

Lipids can be digested into what smaller subunits?

• nucleic acids
• amino acids
• fatty acids
• glucose

Multiple Choice

All polymers are made up of...

• monosaccharides
• monomers
• proteins
• None of these

Multiple Choice

Enzymes belong to which class of macromolecules?

• lipids

• carbohydrates

• proteins

• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

DNA belongs to which class of macromolecules?

• proteins

• nucleic acids

• carbohydrates

• lipids

Multiple Choice

Sugar belongs to which class of macromolecules?

• proteins

• lipids

• nucleic acids

• carbohydrates

Enzymes are Biological Catalysts

• They are proteins

• Catalysts speed up chemical reactions

• Structure = Function: Enzymes are specific to their Substrate (reactants). Active site of the enzymes fits together with the substrate(s)

• Different reactions require different enzymes

● Enzymes are PROTEINS.
● They act as catalysts to speed

up a reaction by lowering the
activation energy.

What are enzymes?

Multiple Choice

Enzymes are an example of

• Lipids

• Carbohydrate

• Protein

• Nucleic Acid

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose  of an enzyme?

• give permission for the reaction
• raise activation energy
• speed up reactions
• control how many reactions occur

Multiple Choice

What is a substance called if it speeds up a chemical reaction?

• reusable
• catalyst
• specific
• fragile

Multiple Choice

What is the purpose  of an enzyme?

• give permission for the reaction
• raise activation energy
• speed up reactions
• control how many reactions occur

Enzymes have a unique 3 dimensional shape (3D), and this determines their function. The 3D shape of an enzyme determines the orientation of amino acid residues relative to each other, which is important for enzyme active sites. It also determines what kinds of substrates can be bound by the enzyme.

​

​Form determines function

​In other words, the shape (form) of an enzyme/protein determines what it can or cannot activate.

Dehydration Synthesis and hydrolysis

​Means to make something. Taking 2 different monomers and putting them together to make a polymer

​​Synthesis

​Means to split, divide, break something. Taking a polymer and splitting it apart.

​​Hydrolysis

This means the reaction is using WATER, or H2O to either combine or split the molecules.

​

​Dehydration Reactions

Multiple Choice

What type of reaction is shown?

• Dehydration synthesis

• Hydrolysis

Multiple Choice

Which type of reaction is shown?

• Dehydration Synthesis

• Hydrolysis

Multiple Choice

This reaction is known as a __________________ reaction.

• Dehydration Synthesis

• Hydrolysis

Multiple Choice

What does the term "synthesize" mean?

• To break down

• To put together

Multiple Choice

The following figure is illustrating

• Dehydration Synthesis

• Hydrolysis