Interpret Data Lesson

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Chapter 2
Matter and Change

2.1 Properties of Matter

2.2 Mixtures
2.3 Elements and Compounds
2.4 Chemical Reactions

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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In this lesson, you
will learn how
properties can be
used to classify
and identify
matter.

CHEMISTRY&YOU

Why are windows made of glass?

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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The particles in a liquid are in
close contact with one
another, but the arrangement
of particles in a liquid is not
rigid or orderly.

Liquids

States of Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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The particles in a liquid are in
close contact with one
another, but the arrangement
of particles in a liquid is not
rigid or orderly.

Liquids

States of Matter

• However, the volume of the

liquid doesn’t change as its
shape changes.

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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The volume of a liquid is fixed or constant.

• Thus, a liquid is a form of matter that has

an indefinite shape, flows, and yet has a
fixed volume.

Liquids

States of Matter

– Liquids are almost incompressible.

– However, they tend to expand slightly when

heated.

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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42

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The melting point of
gallium metal is 30˚C.
The figure at left
shows how the heat
from a person’s hand
can melt a sample of
gallium.

Physical Changes

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Open Ended

Why are windows made of glass?

Type response here

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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You want to compile a list of
properties of a substance, but you
don’t have a way to measure mass or
volume. What kinds of properties can
you determine without knowing the
amount of matter in the sample?

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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States of Matter

What are three states of matter?

States of Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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A solid is a form of matter that has a definite
shape and volume.

• The shape of a solid doesn’t depend on the

shape of its container.

Solids

States of Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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A gas is a form of matter that
takes both the shape and
volume of its container.

Gases

States of Matter

• The particles in a gas are usually

much farther apart than the
particles in a liquid.

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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The words vapor and gas are sometimes used
interchangeably. But there is a difference.

• The term gas is used for substances, like

oxygen, that exist in the gaseous state at
room temperature.

• Vapor describes the gaseous state of a

substance that is generally a liquid or solid
at room temperature, as in water vapor.

Gases

States of Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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A substance is in a state in which it
takes the shape of its container. What
state or states could it be in?

The substance could be either a liquid or a gas,
as each takes the shape of its container.

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Describing Matter

Why do all samples of a substance
have the same intensive properties?

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Properties used to describe matter can be
classified as extensive or intensive
properties.

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Recall that matter is anything that has
mass and takes up space.

• The mass of an object is a measure of the

amount of matter the object contains.

Extensive Properties

Describing Matter

– The mass of a

basketball is greater
than the mass of a golf
ball.

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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The volume of an object is a measure of
the space occupied by the object.

• The volume of a basketball is greater than the

volume of a golf ball.

Extensive Properties

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Mass and volume are both examples of
extensive properties.

• An extensive property is a property that

depends on the amount of matter in a
sample.

Extensive Properties

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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There are properties to consider when
selecting a basketball besides mass and
volume.

• The outer covering may be made of

leather, rubber, or a synthetic composite.

– Each of these materials has different

properties that make the basketballs
suitable for different playing
situations.

Intensive Properties

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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For example, leather balls are suitable for
indoor play but not outdoor play.

• Leather balls absorb water and dirt more

than rubber balls do.

Intensive Properties

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Absorbency is an example of an intensive
property.

• An intensive property is a property that

depends on the type of matter in a sample,
not the amount of matter.

Intensive Properties

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Each object in this figure has a
different chemical
makeup, or
composition.

Identifying a Substance

Describing Matter

• The soda can is mainly

aluminum.

• The watering can is

mainly copper.

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Matter that has a uniform and definite
composition is called a substance.

• Aluminum and copper are examples of

substances, which are also referred to as
pure substances.

Identifying a Substance

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Every sample of a given substance
has identical intensive properties
because every sample has the same
composition.

Identifying a Substance

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Aluminum and copper have some properties in
common, but there are differences besides their
distinctive colors.

• Aluminum is highly reflective and is often used in silver

paint.

• Pure copper can scratch the surface of aluminum

because copper is harder than aluminum.

• Copper is a conductor of heat or electric current.

• Copper and aluminum are both malleable, which means

they can be hammered into sheets without breaking.

Identifying a Substance

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Hardness, color, conductivity, and
malleability are examples of physical
properties.

• A physical property is a quality or

condition of a substance that can be
observed or measured without changing the
substance’s composition.

Identifying a Substance

Describing Matter

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28

Multiple Choice

Identify: Which property can most easily distinguish chlorine gas from other gases?

1

state

2

color

3

melting point

4

boiling point

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Multiple Choice

A colorless liquid boild at 40^o C. Is the substance water?

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Yes

2

No

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Multiple Choice

Calculate: Which of the liquid substances has the highest melting point?

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ethanol

2

mercury

3

bromine

4

water

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Multiple Choice

Calculate: Which of the liquid substances has the lowest melting point?

1

ethanol

2

mercury

3

bromine

4

water

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Multiple Select

Conclusions: Which properties would be the most helpful in Identifying an unknown substance?

1

state

2

color

3

melting point

4

boiling point

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Fill in the Blank

Physical properties can help chemists identify substances.

•For example, a colorless substance that was found to boil at 100˚C and melt at 0˚C would likely be water.

•A colorless substance that boiled at 78˚C and melted at –117˚C would definitely not be water. It would likely be _________.

Type your answer in the boxes

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Physical properties can help chemists
identify substances.

• For example, a colorless substance that

was found to boil at 100˚C and melt at
0˚C would likely be water.

• A colorless substance that boiled at 78˚C

and melted at –117˚C would definitely not
be water. It would likely be ethanol.

Identifying a Substance

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Glass is often used to make windows,
while copper is often used in electrical
wires. What properties of glass make it
a desirable material to use for
windows?

CHEMISTRY&YOU

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Open Ended

Why are windows made of glass?

Type response here

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Glass is often used to make windows,
while copper is often used in electrical
wires. What properties of glass make it
a desirable material to use for
windows?

Glass is transparent, so it can be seen through;
hard, so it stays in place within window frames;
and heat resistant, so it helps prevent the
transfer of heat between outside and inside.

CHEMISTRY&YOU

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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What you observe when you look at a
particular sample of matter is its properties.

• Is a solid shiny or dull?
• Does a liquid flow quickly or slowly?
• Is a gas odorless, or does it have a smell?

Describing Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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You want to compile a list of
properties of a substance, but you
don’t have a way to measure mass or
volume. What kinds of properties can
you determine without knowing the
amount of matter in the sample?

41

Fill in the Blank

You want to compile a list of
properties of a substance, but you
don’t have a way to measure mass or
volume. What kinds of properties can
you determine without knowing the
amount of matter in the sample?

______ ______

Type your answer in the boxes

42

2.1 Properties of Matter

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22

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You want to compile a list of
properties of a substance, but you
don’t have a way to measure mass or
volume. What kinds of properties can
you determine without knowing the
amount of matter in the sample?

You can determine the sample’s intensive
properties.

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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States of Matter

What are three states of matter?

States of Matter

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Fill in the Blank

What are three states of matter?

Type your answer in the boxes

,

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Depending on the circumstances, you use
three different words to refer to water—
water, ice, and steam.

• Water, which is a common substance, exists in

three different physical states.

– So can most other substances.

States of Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Three states of matter are solid, liquid,
and gas.

States of Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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A solid is a form of matter that has a definite
shape and volume.

• The shape of a solid doesn’t depend on the

shape of its container.

Solids

States of Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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27

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A solid is a form of matter that has a definite
shape and volume.

• The shape of a solid doesn’t depend on the

shape of its container.

Solids

States of Matter

• The particles in a

solid are packed
tightly together, often
in an orderly
arrangement.

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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A solid is a form of matter that has a definite
shape and volume.

• As a result, solids are almost incompressible;

that is, it is difficult to squeeze a solid into a
smaller volume.

• In addition, solids expand only slightly when

heated.

Solids

States of Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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29

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The particles in a liquid are in
close contact with one
another, but the arrangement
of particles in a liquid is not
rigid or orderly.

Liquids

States of Matter

51

2.1 Properties of Matter

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30

.

The particles in a liquid are in
close contact with one
another, but the arrangement
of particles in a liquid is not
rigid or orderly.

Liquids

States of Matter

• Because the particles in a

liquid are free to flow, a liquid
takes the shape of the
container in which it is placed.

52

2.1 Properties of Matter

>

31

.

The particles in a liquid are in
close contact with one
another, but the arrangement
of particles in a liquid is not
rigid or orderly.

Liquids

States of Matter

• However, the volume of the

liquid doesn’t change as its
shape changes.

53

2.1 Properties of Matter

>

32

.

The volume of a liquid is fixed or constant.

• Thus, a liquid is a form of matter that has

an indefinite shape, flows, and yet has a
fixed volume.

Liquids

States of Matter

54

2.1 Properties of Matter

>

33

.

The volume of a liquid is fixed or constant.

• Thus, a liquid is a form of matter that has

an indefinite shape, flows, and yet has a
fixed volume.

Liquids

States of Matter

– Liquids are almost incompressible.

– However, they tend to expand slightly when

heated.

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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34

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• Like a liquid, a gas takes the shape of

its container.

• But, unlike a liquid, a gas can expand to

fill any volume.

Gases

States of Matter

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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35

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A gas is a form of matter that
takes both the shape and
volume of its container.

Gases

States of Matter

57

2.1 Properties of Matter

>

36

.

A gas is a form of matter that
takes both the shape and
volume of its container.

Gases

States of Matter

• The particles in a gas are usually

much farther apart than the
particles in a liquid.

58

2.1 Properties of Matter

>

37

.

A gas is a form of matter that
takes both the shape and
volume of its container.

Gases

States of Matter

• The particles in a gas are usually

much farther apart than the
particles in a liquid.

• Because of the space between

particles, gases are easily
compressed into a smaller volume.

59

2.1 Properties of Matter

>

38

.

The words vapor and gas are sometimes used
interchangeably. But there is a difference.

• The term gas is used for substances, like

oxygen, that exist in the gaseous state at
room temperature.

• Vapor describes the gaseous state of a

substance that is generally a liquid or solid
at room temperature, as in water vapor.

Gases

States of Matter

60

2.1 Properties of Matter

>

39

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A substance is in a state in which it
takes the shape of its container. What
state or states could it be in?

61

2.1 Properties of Matter

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40

.

A substance is in a state in which it
takes the shape of its container. What
state or states could it be in?

The substance could be either a liquid or a gas,
as each takes the shape of its container.

62

2.1 Properties of Matter

>

41

.

Physical Changes

How can physical changes be
classified?

Physical Changes

63

2.1 Properties of Matter

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42

.

The melting point of
gallium metal is 30˚C.
The figure at left
shows how the heat
from a person’s hand
can melt a sample of
gallium.

Physical Changes

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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43

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The shape of the sample changes during
melting as the liquid begins to flow, but
the composition of the sample does not
change.

• Melting is a physical change.

• During a physical change, some properties

of a material change, but the composition of
the material does not change.

Physical Changes

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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• Words such as boil, freeze, melt, and

condense are used to describe
physical changes.

• So are words such as break, split,

grind, cut, and crush.

– There is a difference between these

two sets of words. Each set describes
a different type of physical change.

Physical Changes

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Physical changes can be classified
as reversible or irreversible.

• Melting is an example of a reversible

physical change.

– If a sample of liquid gallium cools

below its melting point, the liquid
will become solid.

Physical Changes

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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All physical changes that involve a
change from one state to another are
reversible.

• Cutting hair, filing nails, and cracking

an egg are examples of irreversible
physical changes.

Physical Changes

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Water boils and becomes water vapor.
Is this a reversible or irreversible
physical change?

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2.1 Properties of Matter

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Water boils and becomes water vapor.
Is this a reversible or irreversible
physical change?

It is a reversible physical change because it
involves a change from one state to another.

Interpret Data

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