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Pragmatics
Class #3
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Organon model
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Organon model
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Organon model
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Entailments and implicatures
ENTAILMENT
Consider the sentences:
(1) They screamed.
(2) They cried.
(3) They shouted.
(4) They yelled.
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Entailments and implicatures
ENTAILMENT
Consider the sentences:
(1) They screamed.
(2) They cried.
(3) They shouted.
(4) They yelled.
They produced a loud sound.
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Entailments and implicatures
ENTAILMENT
Consider the sentences:
(1) She ate an apple and a banana.
(2) It is a cat.
(3) He lives in Sydney.
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Entailments and implicatures
If sentence A is true, then sentence B is necessarily true, too. We say that sentence A entails sentence B, or that B is an entailment of A .
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Entailments and implicatures
If sentence A is true, then sentence B is necessarily true, too. We say that sentence A entails sentence B, or that B is an entailment of A .
(A) It is a cat. - (B) It is a feline.
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Entailments and implicatures
IMPLICATURE
Consider the sentences:
(1) Suzan yawned.
(2) Tom facepalmed.
(3) You should bring an umbrella.
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Entailments and implicatures
IMPLICATURE
Consider the sentences:
(1) Suzan yawned. -> Suzan is bored.
(2) Tom facepalmed.
(3) You should bring an umbrella.
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Entailments and implicatures
IMPLICATURE
Consider the sentences:
(1) Suzan yawned. -> Suzan is bored.
(2) Tom facepalmed. -> Tom is embarrassed.
(3) You should bring an umbrella.
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Entailments and implicatures
IMPLICATURE
Consider the sentences:
(1) Suzan yawned. -> Suzan is bored.
(2) Tom facepalmed. -> Tom is embarrassed.
(3) You should bring an umbrella. -> It might be raining.
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Entailments and implicatures
IMPLICATURE
Consider the sentences:
(1) Suzan yawned. -> Suzan is bored.
It is not that Suzan is bored.
Suzan yawned, but it is not that she bored.
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Entailments and implicatures
IMPLICATURE
Consider the sentences:
(2) Tom facepalmed. -> Tom is embarrassed.
Tom is not embarrassed.
Tom facepalmed, but he is not embarrassed.
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Entailments and implicatures
IMPLICATURE
Consider the sentences:
(3) You should bring an umbrella. -> It might be raining.
It might not be raining.
You should bring your umbrella, but it might not be raining.
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Entailments and implicatures
Entailment | Implicature |
|---|---|
CANNOT BE CANCELLED | CAN BE CANCELLED |
Regardless of the context | Context-dependent |
I have one daughter and I have a child. | I have one daughter, and she is an only child. |
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The cooperative principle
What might the second speaker "mean" in each of the following dialogues? Think of a pragmatic paraphrase in each case.
(1)
Virginia: Coffee?
James: It would keep me awake all night.
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The cooperative principle
What might the second speaker "mean" in each of the following dialogues? Think of a pragmatic paraphrase in each case.
(1)
Virginia: Coffee?
James: It would keep me awake all night.
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
What might the second speaker "mean" in each of the following dialogues? Think of a pragmatic paraphrase in each case.
(2)
Annie: Was the dessert any good?
James: Annie... cherry pie is cherry pie.
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The cooperative principle
What might the second speaker "mean" in each of the following dialogues? Think of a pragmatic paraphrase in each case.
(2)
Annie: Was the dessert any good?
James: Annie... cherry pie is cherry pie.
No, the dessert was pretty boring
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The cooperative principle
There are many ways of saying e.g. "no". Speakers may draw different inferences for some utterances. Inferences, aka CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURES, are not as straightforward as those based on e.g. entailment.
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The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
Make your conversational contribution such as is REQUIRED, at the stage at which it occurs, by the ACCEPTED PURPOSE or DIRECTION of the talk exchange in which you are engaged.
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The cooperative principle
Maxims of cooperative principle:
(1) RELEVANCE / RELATION
Make sure that whatever you say is relevant
to the conversation at hand.
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The cooperative principle
Maxims of cooperative principle:
(1) RELEVANCE / RELATION
Make sure that whatever you say is relevant
to the conversation at hand.
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
Maxims of cooperative principle:
(2) QUALITY
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
Maxims of cooperative principle:
(2) QUALITY
Do not say what you believe to be false.
Do not say that for which you lack adequate evidence.
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
Maxims of cooperative principle:
(3) QUANTITY
Make your contribution as informative as it is required.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
Maxims of cooperative principle:
(3) QUANTITY
Make your contribution as informative as it is required.
Do not make your contribution more informative than is required.
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
Maxims of cooperative principle:
(4) MANNER / CLARITY
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Be brief and orderly. Avoid ambiguity.
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
Maxims of cooperative principle:
(4) MANNER / CLARITY
Avoid obscurity of expression.
Be brief and orderly. Avoid ambiguity.
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
37
The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
39
The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
40
The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
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The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
42
The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
43
The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
44
The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
45
The cooperative principle
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
I don't want to drink coffee
46
The cooperative principle
Hedging is a strategy that reduces the force of the speakers' utterances by rendering their messages more tentative and vague (Nickula, 1997: 190). Hedging is a strategy used by speakers to protect themselves from unpleasant or unwanted condition, for instance, answering questions.
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The cooperative principle
Hedging is a deliberate use of a statement/expression which mitigates the utterance.
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The cooperative principle
Hedging is a deliberate use of a statement/expression which mitigates the utterance.
(1) Quality hedges, e.g. I think/guess/believe/assume… [=the speaker does not take full responsibility for what has been said]
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The cooperative principle
Hedging is a deliberate use of a statement/expression which mitigates the utterance.
(1) Quality hedges, e.g. I think/guess/believe/assume… [=the speaker does not take full responsibility for what has been said]
(2) Quantity hedges, e.g. roughly, more or less, give or take a few, to some extent… [=the speaker does not provide full or precise information]
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The cooperative principle
Hedging is a deliberate use of a statement/expression which mitigates the utterance.
(1) Quality hedges, e.g. I think/guess/believe/assume… [=the speaker does not take full responsibility for what has been said]
(2) Quantity hedges, e.g. roughly, more or less, give or take a few, to some extent… [=the speaker does not provide full or precise information]
(3) Relevance hedges, e.g. by the way, oh I know, anyway, this may not be relevant but… [=indicates that the speaker wants to switch from one topic to another]
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The cooperative principle
Hedging is a deliberate use of a statement/expression which mitigates the utterance.
(1) Quality hedges, e.g. I think/guess/believe/assume… [=the speaker does not take full responsibility for what has been said]
(2) Quantity hedges, e.g. roughly, more or less, give or take a few, to some extent… [=the speaker does not provide full or precise information]
(3) Relevance hedges, e.g. by the way, oh I know, anyway, this may not be relevant but… [=indicates that the speaker wants to switch from one topic to another]
(4) Manner hedges, e.g. what I meant was, more clearly, got it?, OK?... [=the speaker wants to clarify/elaborate on an issue]
Pragmatics
Class #3
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