Plate Boundaries

Plate Boundaries

Earth Systems - Sims

Plate Tectonics

The theory that the Earth’s outermost layer is
fragmented into a dozen or more large and

small plates that move relative to one another

as they ride on top of hotter, more mobile

material.

What Are Tectonic Plates?

A plate is a large, rigid slab of solid rock.
- Plates are formed from the lithosphere: the crust and the upper part of the mantle.

lithosphere: the crust and the
upper part of the mantle.

•The plates “float” on the slowly
flowing asthenosphere: the
lower part of the mantle.

•The plates include both the
land and ocean floor.

•The Mohoriovicic discontinuity
or Moho is the boundary
between the crust and the
mantle.

Multiple Choice

What are plates formed from?

• Asthenosphere

• Lithosphere

What Drives Plate

Tectonics?

• The slow movement of hot,

softened mantle lies below
rigid plates.

• The hot, softened rock in the

mantle moves in a circular
manner in a convection flow
– the heated, molten rock
rises to the surface,
spreads, and begins to cool,
and then sinks back down to
be reheated and rises again.

Open Ended

How does hot, softened rock in the mantle move/flow?

Earth’s Plates

Movement of

the Plates Over

Time

Permian

248 million years ago

Triassic

206 million years ago

Jurassic

206 million years ago

Cretaceous

65 million years ago

Present Day

Open Ended

Over time the continents.......?

Progression of

Indian Land

Mass

Plate Boundaries

Different Types of

Boundaries

Different Types of

Boundaries

• Convergent boundaries come together

– Places where crust is destroyed as one plate dives under another

• Divergent boundaries spread apart

– Places where new crust is generated as the plates pull away from

each other

– New crust is created from magma pushing up from the mantle

• Transform boundaries slide against each other

– Places where crust is neither produced nor destroyed as the plates

slide horizontally past each other

STOP

Convergent Boundaries

Oceanic-Continental

Convergence

•The oceanic plate subducts under the continental plate because it has lower
density.

•The oceanic Nazca Plate is being subducted under the continental part of
the South American Plate.

•The South American Plate is being lifted up, creating the Andes mountains.

•Strong, destructive earthquakes and rapid uplift of mountain ranges are
common in this region.

•These earthquakes are often accompanied by uplift of the land by as much
as a few meters.

•Mount Saint Helens is along the subduction zone of the Juan de Fuca plate
(an oceanic plate) and the North American plate (a continental plate).

Oceanic – Continental Convergence

Oceanic-Oceanic

Convergence

•When two oceanic plates converge,
one is usually subducted under the
other.

•An older oceanic plate is colder,
therefore more dense and less
buoyant, and will subduct under a
younger, hotter, less dense, and
more buoyant oceanic plate.

•In the process, a trench is formed.
– The deepest trenches in the

oceans are along
oceanic-oceanic subduction
zones (i.e., the Marianas
Trench in the Pacific, which is
deeper than Mt. Everest is
high).

•Subduction in oceanic-oceanic plate
convergence can result in the
formation of volcanoes.

•Examples of oceanic-oceanic
convergence are the arcuate chains
of islands in the southwest Pacific,
Japan, and the Aleutian Islands.

Oceanic – Oceanic Convergence

Continental-Continental

Convergence

Continental – Continental Convergence

• When two continents meet head-on,
neither is subducted because the
continental rocks are relatively light and, like
two colliding icebergs, resist downward
motion.

• Instead, the crust tends to buckle and be
pushed upward or sideways.

The collision between the Indian and
Eurasian plates has pushed up the
Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau.

Continental-Continental

Convergence

•50 million years ago, the Indian
Plate collided into the Eurasian
Plate.

•After the collision, the slow
continuous convergence of the
two plates over millions of
years pushed up the Himalaya
and the Tibetan Plateau to
their present heights.

•The Himalaya form the highest
continental mountains in the
world.

Divergent Boundaries

Divergence

• Divergent boundaries occur along
spreading centers where plates
are moving apart and new crust is
created by magma pushing up
from the mantle.

• The Mid-Atlantic Ridge is a
divergent boundary.

• Sea-floor spreading over the past
100 to 200 million years has
caused the Atlantic Ocean to grow
from a tiny inlet of water between
the continents of Europe, Africa,
and the Americas into the ocean
that exists today.

Divergence

•Iceland is splitting along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge between the North
American and Eurasian Plates, as North America moves westward
relative to Eurasia.

•In East Africa, spreading processes have already torn Saudi Arabia
away from the rest of the African continent, forming the Red Sea.

•The actively splitting African Plate and the Arabian Plate meet in
what geologists call a triple junction, where the Red Sea meets the
Gulf of Aden.

Transform
Boundaries

Transform

• The zone between two plates that
slide
past one another is called a
transform-fault boundary, or
transform boundary.

• These large faults connect two
spreading centers or connect
trenches.

• Most transform faults are found on
the ocean floor.

Transform

• The San Andreas Fault is

one of the few transform
faults exposed on land.
– It connects the East Pacific

Rise, a divergent boundary
to the south, with the Juan
de Fuca Ridge, a divergent
boundary to the north.

– Most earthquakes in

California are caused by
the accumulation and
release of strain as the two
plates slide past each
other.

Consequences of Plate Tectonics

• Earthquakes and volcanic activity are linked to plate

tectonic processes.

• The Ring of Fire is the most seismically and volcanically

active zone in the world.

Consequences of Plate Tectonics

The San Andreas Fault – a
transform fault

Aerial view of the area around Thingvellir, Iceland,
showing a fissure zone (in shadow) that is an on-land
exposure of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Right of the fissure,
the North American Plate is pulling westward away from
the Eurasian Plate (left of fissure).

Consequences of Plate Tectonics

The Aleutian Islands, an island arc

The 1980 eruption of Mount
Saint Helens

Consequences of Plate Tectonics

The convergence of the Nazca and South American Plates
has deformed and pushed up limestone strata to form
towering peaks of the Andes, as seen here in the
Pachapaqui mining area in Peru.

Helicopter view (in February 1994) of the active
lava lake within the summit crater of 'Erta 'Ale
(Ethiopia), one of the active volcanoes in the
East African Rift Zone.

References

• Understanding Plate Motions. USGS.

http://pubs.usgs.gov/publications/text/unde
rstanding.html

• Plate Movement. OptIPuter Outreach.

http://education.sdsc.edu/optiputer/teacher
s/platemovement.html

• Plate Tectonics. The Way the Earth Works.

LHS GEMS, 2002.