Safety First: Navigating the Ethical Landscape

Strand C-01
Safety and Ethics

Open Ended

What is online resources?

​Online Resources:
~any materials, tools, or information available on the internet that we can use for learning, working, or entertainment.

Types of online resources:

• Text Resources

• Audio Resources

• Video Resources

• Image Resources

• Interactive Resources

• News and Newspaper Resources

• Library & Database Resources

​Identify and evaluate the resources:

1. Authorship

2. Publisher

3. Accuracy and objectivity

4. Timeliness

5. Footnotes and bibliographies. ...

​Why should sources be acknowledged?

To avoid plagiarism, show credibility, respect intellectual property, guide readers to more information, and uphold academic integrity

Why fair and responsible use of information is important?

• Promotes honesty – Using information ethically builds trust and credibility.

• Protects intellectual property – It respects the rights of creators and their work.

• Encourages accuracy – Ensures that information is used in the correct context without distortion.

• ​Prevents plagiarism – Helps avoid copying or misusing someone else's work.

• Supports learning – Encourages critical thinking and proper research skills.

Open Ended

What is plagiarism?

​Plagiarism:

is the act of using someone else's words, ideas, or work without giving them proper credit or without obtaining permission.

​The consequences of plagiarism:

1. Academic consequences: Failing grades for assignments or courses, academic probation, or expulsion.

2. Professional consequences: Damage to one's professional reputation, job loss, or inability to secure future employment.

3. Legal consequences: Legal action by copyright holders for copyright infringement.

​What should we do to avoid plagiarism?

• Use your own words – Write ideas in your own way.

• Give credit – Always cite the source when using someone else's ideas or words.

• Use quotation marks – When copying exact words, put them in quotes and cite the source.

​Paraphrase properly – Change the wording and structure, but still give credit.

Keep track of sources – Note where your information comes from while researching.

Use plagiarism checkers – Tools can help you catch unintentional copying.

​Citation styles:

There are several citation styles used in academic writing, and each has its own set of rules for formatting citations and references.

APA (American Psychological Association):

Often used in the social sciences, education, and psychology.

​Intext citation:
~brief reference within your writing that tells the reader where your information or quote came from.

Two types:

1. Parenthetical citation
2. Narrative Citation

APA style intext citation Format:

1. Author's Last Name:

   Include the last name of the author or authors. If there are multiple authors, use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name.

2. Publication Year:

   Include the publication year in parentheses immediately after the author's name.

3. Page Number (if applicable):

   For direct quotations, include the page number after the year, preceded by a comma

​1. Parenthetical citation:
~Everything goes inside the parentheses ( ) at the end of the sentence.
~ Author's last name and the publication year

Example:

“Bhutan is committed to remaining carbon neutral” (Yoezer, 2006, p. 50, para. 7)

When three or more authors:

“Bhutan is committed to remaining carbon neutral” (Yoezer et al., 2006, p.50, para. 7)

​1.  Narrative Citation

According to Yoezer (2006), “Bhutan is committed to remaining carbon neutral” (p. 50, para. 7)
Yoezer (2006) stated that "Bhutan is committed to remaining carbon neutral”

THREE or More authors:

According to Yoezer et al. (2006), “Bhutan is committed to remaining carbon neutral” (para. 7)

Example 1: single author

Title of the Book: Dawa Koto
Author: Kuenzang Choden

Year of Publication: 2006

?????

Example 2: multiple authors
Title of the Book: Dawa Koto
Author: Kuenzang Choden, Sherab Dema

Year of Publication: 2006

(Choden, & Dema, 2006)

​Intext citation--page number(s):
Title of the Book: Dawa Koto
Author: Kuenzang Choden

Year of Publish: 2006
page number: 45

??????

Title of the Book: Dawa Koto
Author: Kuenzang Choden

Year of Publish: 2006
page number: 45-50 (page range)

Try yourself......

Open Ended

Title of the book: Turning Point

Author: Pema Wangchuk

Year of publish: 2019

Keeping in mind the APA intext citation rules, you are asked to do the citation with the detail given above.

end-text citation:

• refers to the citations or references provided at the end of a document or research paper.

• This section is often called "References," "Works Cited," or "Bibliography,"

• is to provide complete details about the sources you cited or consulted in your work.

​APA Style End-Text Citation Format:

1. Author(s):

   • List the authors' last name followed by their initials. Separate multiple authors with commas and use an ampersand (&) before the last author's name.

2. Publication Year:

   • Place the publication year in parentheses immediately after the authors' names.

3. Title of the Work:

   • Italicize the title of the book, article, or other work.

4. Source Information (if applicable):

   • City, Country and the publisher or the journal name for articles.

​Example 1:
Title of the book: Turning Point

Author: Pema Wangchuk Dorji

Year of publish: 2019

Publisher: Kuensel Corporation

Place of Publish: Thimphu, Bhutan

​Title of the book: Dawa Koto

Author: Kuenzang Choden

Year of publish: 2007

Place of Publish: Thimphu

Publisher: DSB

Keeping in mind the APA end-text citation, you are asked to do the citation with the details given above.

Open Ended

​Title of the book: Dawa Koto

Author: Kuenzang Choden

Year of publish: 2007

Place of Publish: Thimphu

Publisher: DSB

Keeping in mind the APA end-text citation, you are asked to do the citation with the details given above.

​Points to be remembered:
Listing Sources:

• In academic writing, you are required to provide a list of all the sources you cited or referenced in your paper.

Alphabetical Order:

Entries are typically arranged in alphabetical order based on the author's last name or the title of the work if there is no author.

Consistency:

• It is crucial to be consistent in applying the chosen citation style throughout the end-text citation section.

​
Author: Passang Tshering

Year of Publication: 2019

Book title: Yalama Apa

City: Thimphu

Publisher: Booknese

​Activity:
Open your notebook and carry out this activity if the lesson is in the class.
Open MS word and carry out this activity if the lesson is in the lab.
Use the information below to do the APA end-text format citation.....

Multiple Choice

Based on the information given below, which of the following reference list citations is correct as per APA format?

Author : Passang Tshering

Year of Publication : 2019

Book Title : Yalama Apa

City: Thimphu

Publisher : Booknese

• Tshering, P. (2019). Yalama Apa. Thimphu: Booknese

• P. Tshering. (2019).Yalama Apa. Booknese

• Tshering, P. Yalama Apa. (2019). Booknes.

• P. Tshering. Yalama Apa. Booknese. (2019)

Multiple Choice

Mr. X wants to acknowledge his work using APA intext citation style. Which of the given below is correctly used?

• author's first name, publication year

• author's last name, publication year

• (author's firt name, publication year)

• (author's last name, publication year)

​online text:
Author's last name followed by initial
Year, Month Day---()
Title of the webpage/article
website name
URL

Example:
Samten Wangmo
2025, April 19
Re-introducing cutoff points for class X-2026
education
https://edcuation.gov.bt

​Online image:
Author's last name followed by initial
publication year---()
image title [description]
website name
URL

Example:
Sonam Yoezer--author
2025---publication year
Highland festival---Title in italic
Kuensel---website
https://www.kuenselonline.bt/article--URL

​Example:
Pawo Choyning Dorji--
Year, Month Day---()
Yak in the classroom [description]
YouTube
https://youtube.com...

​Online video:
Author's last name followed by initial
Year, Month Day---()
video title [description]
platform name
URL