Final Review Physical Science B

Multiple Choice

Temperature is a measure of the _________ energy of the particles in an object.

• kinetic

• potential

• thermal

• vibrational

Multiple Choice

Thermal energy flows from ______ temperature to ______ temperature.

• high / low

• it doesn't flow

• it depends on the difference

• low / high

Multiple Choice

The transfer of energy from direct contact of particles is called what?

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

Multiple Choice

The transfer of energy from the movement of particles is called what?

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

Multiple Choice

The transfer of energy through electromagnetic waves is called what?

• Conduction

• Convection

• Radiation

Multiple Choice

If two objects have different temperatures when they come in contact, heat will flow from the warmer object to the cooler one UNTIL ____________

• one reaches a temperature of zero

• they both have an equal temperature

• one runs out of energy

Multiple Choice

Calorimetry Calculation Question:

A piece of metal with a mass of 32.8 g is heated to 100.5°C and dropped into 138.2 g of water at 20.0°C. The final temperature of the system is 30.2°C. What is the specific heat capacity of the metal?

• 2.56 J/g°C

• 0.391 J/g°C

• 5.29 J/g°C

• 3.50 J/g°C

Nuclear fission 

Nuclear fission is the splitting of a large atomic nucleus into smaller nuclei.

In a nuclear reactor , a neutron is absorbed into a nucleus (typically uranium-235@PLUTONIUM).

This causes the nucleus to become uranium-236, which is violently unstable.

The entire nucleus splits into two large fragments called 'daughter nuclei '. (Krypton and Barium)

FUSION

• What we see as light and feel as warmth is the result of a fusion reaction in the core of our Sun: hydrogen nuclei collide, fuse into heavier helium atoms and release tremendous amounts of energy in the process.

Multiple Choice

What is a chain reaction?

• When electrons travel are emitted causing electricity
• When a nuclear fission reaction occurs, the protons emitted can strike other nuclei in the sample, and cause them to split
• When a nuclear fission reaction occurs, the neutrons emitted can strike other nuclei in the sample, and cause them to split
• When a nuclear fission reaction occurs, the electrons emitted can strike other nuclei in the sample, and cause them to split

Multiple Choice

Any reaction that involves the particles in the nucleus of an atom are called ________?

• Fission

• Nuclear Reaction

• Fusion

• Particle Accelerator

Multiple Select

Which of the following correctly display nuclear fission?

Multiple Choice

The process of combining the nuclei of atoms to make different atoms is called _________?

• Fission

• Nuclear Reaction

• Fusion

• Particle Accelerator

Acceleration

• In a speed vs. time graph the line slopes up

• In a position vs. time graph it will curve

• A= Final Velocity - Beginning Velocity/time

• Acceleration can be positive or negative

Multiple Choice

What is speed?

• how far you go
• how much distance is covered over a period of time
• how fast you accelerate
• the change in the location of a object

Multiple Choice

What is the formula to calculate speed?

• S = t/d
• S = d/t
• S = d x t
• S = t x d

Multiple Choice

The rate at which velocity changes is called

• speed
• direction
• acceleration
• motion

Multiple Choice

When you know both the speed and direction of an object's motion, you know the

• average speed of the object
• acceleration of the object
• distance the object has traveled
• velocity of the object

Multiple Choice

What does the horizontal line represent in this graph?

• Resting, not moving

• a constant speed

• acceleration

• velocity

Multiple Choice

What is represented in this graph?

• Return to origin

• negative acceleration

• constant speeding up

• change in direction

Forces

• A force is a push or pull, or an action that has the ability to change motion.

• There are four fundamental forces - gravity, weak force, electromagnetic and strong nuclear force

Forces

• A force is a push or pull, or an action that has the ability to change motion.

• There are four fundamental forces - gravity, weak force, electromagnetic and strong nuclear force

Multiple Choice

Of the four fundamental forces, which is the weakest?

• Strong nuclear force

• electromagnetic

• weak force

• gravitational force

Multiple Choice

What is the net force of the following picture? what direction will it go?

• 0 N, no movement

• 20 N, to the right

• 20 N to the left

• 140 Newtons to the right

Multiple Choice

You can get rid of friction completely

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which has more momentum: a 3.0 kg sledgehammer swung at 1.5m/s, or a 4.0 kg sledgehammer swung at 0.9 m/s?

• the 3.0 kg sledgehammer

• the 4.0 kg sledgehammer

Multiple Choice

If both dogs have the same velocity, which one has the greater momentum?

• The brown dog

• The white dog

Multiple Choice

Even if an object has a smaller mass, it can have a larger momentum if it has a high _______.

• velocity

• displacement

• weight

Multiple Choice

What is true about the relationship between mass and momentum.

• The less mass an object has, the more momentum it will have.

• The more mass an object has, the less momentum it will have.

• The more mass an object has, the more momentum it will have.

• Mass has nothing to do with momentum.

Work

A force applied to an object over a set distance

Power

Power is the rate at which something does work over a period of time

Work and Power

Multiple Choice

What is the formula for power?

• Power = Work x Time

• Power = Force x Distance

• Power = Work/Time

• Power = Force/Time

Multiple Choice

What are the units for power?

• Watts

• Joules

• Newtons

• Kilograms

Multiple Select

Two factors that determine work are...

• Force

• Mass

• Velocity

• Distance

Multiple Choice

How much work is done in holding a 15 N sack of potatoes while waiting in line at the grocery store for 3 minutes?

• 15 J
• 45 J
• 0 J
• 5 J

Multiple Select

A machine makes work easier to perform by accomplishing which of the following functions? *Select ALL that apply.

• TRANSFERRING a force from one place to another

• changing the DIRECTION of a force

• increasing the MAGNITUDE of a force

• increasing the DISTANCE or SPEED of a force

• ALL of the above

Multiple Choice

A machine helps make WORK

• easier.

• harder.

• MORE complicated.

• LESS complicated.

Multiple Choice

A ___________ is a device that changes the force or increases the motion from work.

• Work

• Job

• Machine

• Calculator

Multiple Choice

It is useful to think about a machine is terms of which two forces?

• gravitational

• input

• balanced

• output

Multiple Choice

If the 6" diameter axle on a car turns a 24" diameter wheel, what is the mechanical advantage?

• 4
• 8
• 2.5

• .25

Open Ended

If you want to pry the lid off a paint can, will it require less force to use a long screwdriver or a short screwdriver? Explain.

common properties of EM waves

• moving waves carry energy

• transverse waves

• travel in the same speed 3 x 10^8 m/s through vacuum

• can be reflected, refracted, or diffracted

Transmission and propagation of EM waves

The transmission of electrical energy by wires, the broadcasting of radio signals, and the phenomenon of visible light are all examples of the propagation of electromagnetic energy. Electromagnetic energy travels in the form of a wave.

Electromagnetic waves or EM waves

waves that are created as a result of vibrations between an electric field and a magnetic field

Multiple Choice

Xrays and Gamma Rays have the highest frequencies, therefore, highest energies.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes the height of a transverse wave?

• frequency

• trough

• crest

• amplitude

Multiple Choice

The waves with the longest wavelengths in the electromagnetic spectrum

• Infrared rays

• gamma rays

• radio waves

• X-rays

Multiple Choice

Longitudinal Compression waves move in the direction of the wave.(They are parallel to the direction of the wave)

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

A wave that has the vibration perpendicular to the direction of the wave is called:

• Longitudnal Wave

• Transverse Wave

Electric Charge is a Basic Characteristic of Matter

• Electrons are a negatively charged particle in all molecules

  • Electrons can transfer between objects

• Example: Rub a ballon against your hair

  • Electrons move from your hair to the ballon and give it a charge​

  • If you put two charged balloons next to each other, the electrons in one will repel the electrons in the other

Electric Charge is a Basic Characteristic of Matter

• Rule One Electricity: Like Charges Repel one another

  • Two negative electrons will repel one another

• Rule Two of Electricity: Unlike Charges attract each other

• Atomic Structure

  • Electrons are outside of a nucleus in a cloud, and move about freely

    • Electrons can travel from atom to atom and form ions

      • If an atom gains an electron, it becomes more negative charged

      • if an atom loses an electron, it becomes more positive charged

  • The nucleus is made up of positive charged protons and neutral neutrons

• When charges change on something, the total charge remains the same, electrons are not created or destroyed

Electric Current

• Just like with heat, the loose electrons in metals make them good conductors of electricity

• Electric Current-the flow of electrons in one direction

  • Rate of electric flow is measured in amperes (A)

• Current is produced by voltage

  • Voltage is the relationship between an electron's potential energy and quantity of charge

    • Electrons flow through a circuit because of the voltage across the circuit​

Electrical Resistance

• The amount of electron flow depends on the the voltage and electrical resistance

  • Resistance is anything that resist the flow of the current

    • The width of the wire, length of a wire, and material used all impact the resistance

• Measured in ohms (Ω)

Direct Current and Alternating Current

• Direct Current (dc): electrons flow only in one direction, from negative terminal to positive terminal

  • Speed is slow because electrons are constantly bumping each other

• Alternating Current (ac): electrons flow in one direction, and then in the opposite direction​

  • Better for high powered devices

  • Most ac circuits involve currents that alternate back and forth at a rate of 60 cycles per second

Series Circuits

• The Electric Current has only one pathway

  • Current is the same in all parts of the circuit

  • If one part of the path fails, the current stops

• The total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances in the current path

• The current follows ohms law

• The total voltage divides among all stops in the circuit​

  • Voltage drop across each device is proportional to the resistance​

Parallel Circuits

• Each device is connected to the same two points across the circuit, making the voltage the same for each device

• The total current divides along the branches

  • The current in each branch is inversely proportional to the resistance on that branch

• The total current is equal to the sum of each branches current

• As the number of branches increase the overall resistance decreases​

Parallel Circuits and Overloading

• As more devices are added to a parallel circuit, the overall resistance of the circuit goes down

  • This can lead to a circuit having a current that is too high for it to handle leading to an electrical fire

• To prevent overloading, most circuits have circuit breakers that will open a switch if the current gets to be too high

Multiple Choice

Electric current comes from the movement or flow of _____ charged electrons around an electric circuit.

• Proton

• Neutral

• Negatively

• Positively

Multiple Choice

What is an electric circuit?

• The path which the electric current takes.

• Movement or flow of negatively charged electrons

• A device to control the flow of electricity

• The current flow of electricity that always goes in one direction

Multiple Choice

The flow/movement of electric charges 

• Voltage
• Resistance 
• Current 
• Circuit 

Multiple Choice

Electric current that flows in only one direction. 

• Voltage 
• Direct Current 
• Alternating Current
• Series Circuit 

Multiple Choice

A material in which electrons are able to move easily

• Circuit
• Insulator 
• Resistance 
• Conductor 

Multiple Choice

A _____________ is a path that is made of parts that work together to allow current to flow.

• Static electricity

• Circuit

• Insulator

Multiple Choice

What is an electric current?

• a build up of electrons

• the difference in charge between 2 points

• the flow of electrons over a circuit

• the opposition to flow of electrons

Multiple Choice

What is an electric current?

• a build up of electrons

• the difference in charge between 2 points

• the flow of electrons over a circuit

• the opposition to flow of electrons