Cybersecurity Chapter 5 Review

Chapter 5 review

Team Name:

Galavie

Team Roster
1.Dao, Nga

2.Haynes, Isabella

3.Ulloa, Stevie

5.1 Storage Devices

Hard drives are metal enclosed
magnetic disks that hold spinning
platters.
Platters each need a read/write
head.

The measurement of the rate at
which the platters spin is called
revolutions per minute.
Data is read and written as the
platter spins.

HDDs are cheap and have a lot of
storage capacity.

Non-volatile is memory
stored even when power
is off, while volatile does
not, and will be erased.

Flash memory devices are a type of non-volatile memory storage 

• Larger capacity than CDs and DVDs

• Sometimes can compare to modern day HDD storage capacity. 

• Cheap

• Quick memory loading time

• Very portable

• Reprogrammable memory

To start, there are five main
storage devices; hard disk drives
(HDDs), Solid state drives
(SSDs), flash memory, optical
discs, and non-volatile memory
express (NVMe).

5.1 Storage Devices

Optical discs use lasers to read/write information through pits in the disc coating. 

When the disc spins, the lasers pass over, and the information that was stored is accessed. 

• CDs, DVDs, and Blu-ray. 

• Cheap

• Portable

• Have a long shelf-life

• Can be recordable

NVMe is an expansion type memory device in which the expansion card is placed into the PCIe slot(s) on the motherboard. 

Instead of using SATA, NVMe connects directly to the motherboard, resulting is higher speed of data transfer. 

Solid state drives are storage devices that possess no moving parts. 

• They have similar storage capacities as small hard drives

• Faster than hard drives

• Lower energy usage than hard drives

• More portable than hard drives

• Physically less prone to external damage

5.1 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.1 (Nga,Dao) What is the difference between Volatile and Non-volatile memory?

• Volatile memory requires power to retain data, while non-volatile memory retains data even when the power is turned off.
• Non-volatile memory is more expensive than volatile memory.
• Volatile memory is faster than non-volatile memory.
• They are same thing.

Multiple Choice

5.1 (Isabella Haynes) How many main storage devices are there?

• Four
• Only one
• Three
• Five

Multiple Choice

5.1 (Stevie Ulloa) What kind of memory is flash memory? Volatile or Non-volatile?

• Temporary
• Ephemeral
• Transient
• Volatile
• Non-volatile

5.2 Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA)

SATA, or serial

advanced technology
attachment, is a computer
bus adapter that is used to
connect storage devices to a
computer’s motherboard.
The cable lengths for SATA
standards are 1 meter, each
cable has its own channel (a
single drive per cable), the
boot drive is connected to
the lowest numbered SATA
cable (because the boot
order moves from lowest to
highest SATA), and when
installing new SATA, you
might need to update it in the
BIOS/UEFI.

●SATA1- original standard, data transfer rates
(bandwidth/amount) of 1.5 gb/s.

●SATA2- data transfer rates of 3 gb/s, hot pluggable*,
reduces esd, allows multiple devices to connect to a single
SATA port.

●SATA3- data transfer rates of 6 gb/s, mainly used for SSDs,
new connectors.

●eSATA- external SATA, specifically used for devices that are
connected externally, uses a locking clip to prevent the cable
from disconnecting, it requires an external power
source/connector. ESATA cables can be up to 2 meters.

●eSATAp- power over eSATA was meant to replace eSATA,
it’s an amalgamation of USB and eSATA functions, the
device power and SATA functions are consolidated into one
cable.

*Hot pluggable
devices are devices
that can be taken
out of or added into
a system while it is
running.

L shaped
connector

Rectangular

shaped

Neither L or
rectangular

shaped

5.2 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.2 (Nga,Dao) What does ‘e’ in eSATA stand for?

• encrypted
• electric
• ejectable
• Ethernet
• external

Multiple Choice

5.2 (Isabella Haynes) What is the SATA boot order?

• The SATA boot order determines the order in which SATA devices are connected to the computer.
• The SATA boot order determines the priority of SATA devices when the computer starts up.
• The SATA boot order determines the priority of USB devices when the computer starts up.

Multiple Choice

5.2 (Stevie Ulloa) When you install new SATA devices you might need to update in the what?

• Operating System
• RAM
• BIOS
• Hard drive
• Power supply

5.3 Optical Drives

Optical discs use lasers to read/write information through pits in the disc coating. When the disc

spins, the lasers pass over, and the information that was stored is accessed. Optical discs include; CDs,
DVDs, and Blu-ray. Some types of optical drives are easily damaged, so make sure to store them in their
case when not in use.

CDs (compact discs)
can be in the form of
audio CDs, CD-ROM,
or CD-RW. CD-ROM
has a transfer data
speed rate of 150
kb/s, and can store
737 mb. CD-RW can

be rewritten and

erased multiple times

and has a storage
capacity of 650 mb.

DVDs (digital versatile
disks) can store 4.7 gb
of data on single side.
DVD-ROM is read
only, while DVD-R is

recordable (only

once), and DVD-RW

is rewritable.

A single Blu-ray disc can
hold 25 gb of data, reads
at a speed of 4.5 mb/s,

and instead of being

scanned with a red laser,
it is scanned with a blue
(violet) laser. Blu-ray can
be BD-ROM (read only),

BD-R (recordable), or
BD-RE (rewritable).

5.4 Redundant Array Independent of Disks (RAID)

RAID is a format for disk drives to combine them into “a single logical storage unit” for providing fault

tolerance, redundancy, parity, or performance benefits. Some of these can even be combined and the most
common of the configurations are RAID 0, RAID 1, RAID 10 (1+0), and RAID 5.

RAID 0: Striping(data is split and written to at least 2 disks)

●Increases performance

●2 disk minimum

●No fault tolerance

●No overhead*

*overhead is excess space

RAID 1: Mirroring(mirrors the same data onto at
least 2 disks)

●Fault tolerance/redundancy

●No performance increase

●2 disk minimum

●Most expensive array for fault tolerance

●Has overhead (50%)

Note: Redundancy
can provide fault

tolerance, but can’t
assure not having

issues

RAID 10: Stripe of mirrors(data is striped
over mirrored pairs on multiple disks)

●4 disk minimum

●Increases performance

●Provides fault tolerance for up to one
disk failure

●Redundancy

●50% of drive capacity is for mirroring

RAID 5: Stripe with parity (parity* information
is striped onto each disk)

●Provides fault tolerance for up to one disk
failure

●Reading performance is increased

●Writing performance is decreased

●3 disk minimum

●Has overhead (changes depending on the
number of disks in the configuration; 3=33%,
4=25%, and 5=20%)

*Parity reconstructs data in case of failure

5.3 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.3 (Nga,Dao) What do optical discs use to read/write information?

• Electricity
• Heat
• Lasers
• Magnets
• Sound waves

Multiple Choice

5.3 (Isabella Haynes) How do CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROM

differ from CD-RW/DVD-RW/BD-RE?

• CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROM can be used for both reading and writing, while CD-RW/DVD-RW/BD-RE can only be used for reading.
• CD-ROM/DVD-ROM/BD-ROM are read-only formats, while CD-RW/DVD-RW/BD-RE are rewritable formats.

Multiple Choice

5.3 (Stevie Ulloa) How many GB of data can a double layer blue ray disk hold??

• 200
• 10
• 50
• 100
• 25

5.4 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.4 (Nga,Dao) What is the minimum disks needed for RAID 0?

• 6
• 4
• 2
• 3
• 1

Multiple Choice

5.4 (Isabella Haynes) What are the 4 main benefits of implementing a RAID array?

• Increased data reliability, improved performance, increased storage capacity, and faster data recovery.
• Increased data reliability, decreased performance, increased storage capacity, and slower data recovery.
• No benefits at all.
• Decreased data reliability, slower performance, decreased storage capacity, and slower data recovery.

Multiple Choice

5.4 (Stevie Ulloa) What kind of RAID array takes a minimum of 4 disk,
increases performance, provides fault tolerance for up to one disk that has redundancy and

50% of the drive capacity is used for mirroring?

RAID 0, 1, 5 and/or 10

• RAID 0
• RAID 1
• RAID 5
• RAID 6
• RAID 10

A Partition is the division of a storage device

Reasons to partition a hard drive include:

●Assigning the boot system to a different partition than application and data files can help

many computers run more smoothly and minimize damage in a system crash.

●Storing the swap file on its own partition is sometimes necessary or useful.

●Creating a separate partition for the operating system can help it run properly. Some

operating systems can't run on a large partition.

●Assigning log files to be stored on distinct partitions can help minimize the effects of a

system crash caused by excessively large log files.

●Assigning distinct operating systems to run on separate partitions allows a multiple boot

system setup.

5.5 File systems

Partitions

A single accessible storage area within a file

system.

A volume is a single accessible storage area

within a file system. A volume can encompass a

single partition or span multiple partitions
depending on how it is configured and the

operating system you are using. Volumes are

identified by drive letters.

5.5 File Systems

Volumes

A means for naming, organizing, and storing data on a storage device.

A file is a one-dimensional stream of bits treated as a logical unit.

●

Files are the most basic component that a file system uses to

organize raw bits of data on the storage device itself.

●

The file name is made up of the directory path plus the file name.

●

An extension can also be added to the filename to identify the file

type and the program used to create, view, and modify the file.

5.5 File Systems

File systems

5.5 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.5 (Nga,Dao) How are volumes identified?

• By their weights
• By their sizes
• By their colors
• By their drive letters

• By their shapes

Directory/folder

A volume that holds files or other directories, In Windows, this is also known as a

folder.

A directory is a container within a volume that holds files or other directories, you

use it to sort and organize data to keep related files grouped together.

Extended File Allocation Table

(exFAT)

A file system designed to support flash drives such as USB sticks and SD cards

5.5 File Systems

Healthy or Online

The disk is turned on and can be accessed, this also means

the disk is operational and has no errors.

Online (Errors)

Indicates that I/O errors are detected on a dynamic disk.

To correct the problem, try reactivating the disk.

5.5 File Systems

Unallocated

Unallocated is when portions of a disk have not been

assigned to a partition or a volume.

Initializing

Initializing is when you are for example converting a
basic disk to a dynamic disk. After the conversion,

the status for the volume changes to Healthy.

5.5 File Systems

5.5 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.5 (Isabella Haynes) What is the difference between online

with errors and unallocated?

• Online with errors refers to data that is present on a storage device and is error-free
• Online with errors refers to data that is present on a storage device but contains errors or corruption, while unallocated refers to space on a storage device that has not been assigned to any file or directory.
• Online with errors refers to data that is not present on a storage device

No Media

Is shown for an optical or removable media drive that does not contain
a valid disc. This disk status applies only to CD-ROM, DVD-ROM, or

removable disks.

Foreign

A foreign disk is a dynamic disk that was created in one system and
moved to another system. When you first add the disk to a different

system, the partition information for the disk must be updated to reflect

all dynamic disks in the current system.

5.5 File Systems

Not Initialized Unknown

A disk without a valid master boot record or a missing or
corrupt partition table. To correct this problem, initialize
the disk, If the partition table is invalid, you can use third

party tools to try to recover the partition table.

5.5 File Systems

Missing or Offline

Is shown when a dynamic disk has failed, been removed, or

turned off. If the disk is turned off, turn it on, and reactivate the

disk. If the disk no longer exists, delete the disk from Disk

Management.

Failed

Is shown for a volume that cannot be started, such as when
the disk is damaged or the file system is corrupt. Make sure
the disk is on and try reactivating the volume. If that doesn't

work, then you likely have data loss.

5.5 File Systems

5.5 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.5 (Stevie Ulloa) If a disk without a valid master boot record or a missing

or corrupt partition table the error what will occur?

• Missing operating system
• Disk read error occurred
• Blue screen of death
• Invalid password
• Operating system not found

Configure a mount point:

A mount point is an empty folder on the volume that points to another partition. Data

saved to this folder is physically saved on the referenced partition.

●The volume with the empty folder must be formatted with NTFS (New

Technology File system).

●You can create mount points on basic or dynamic volumes.

●The folder on the source volume must be empty.

●The target partition must not have a drive letter.

Using a mount point is the only way to add space to the system volume using space

on a different disk or non-contiguous disk space.

5.6 Disk Status Facts

Extend the volume

When you extend a volume, you add unallocated disk space to the volume.

●For basic volumes, you can extend the volume only onto the same drive using contiguous unallocated

space.

Keep on mind many third-party partitioning tools can also extend partitions regardless of the operating

system.

●To extend the volume onto the same drive using non-contiguous unallocated space or to extend the

volume onto another disk, you need to convert the disk to a dynamic disk and extend the volume.

○An extended volume uses disk space on the same disk.

○A spanned volume uses disk space on a different disk.

●You can extend a system volume only by using contiguous free space on the same disk. This is the

same for both basic and dynamic disks.

●Volumes must be formatted with NTFS to be extended.

5.6 Disk Status Facts

Extended volume

A volume with unallocated disk space on the same disk.

Spanned volume

A volume with unallocated disk space on a different disk.

Mount point

An empty folder on an existing volume that points to another
partition. Data saved to the folder is physically saved on the

referenced partition.

5.6 Disk Status Facts

5.6 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.6 (Nga Dao) What is the difference between Spanned and Extended volume?

• Spanned volume is used for backup purposes while Extended volume is used for primary storage
• Spanned volume is unalocated space on a different disk while extended volume is on the same disk.

• Spanned volume is faster than Extended volume in terms of data transfer

Multiple Choice

5.6 (Isabella Haynes) Where can mount points be made?

• In a recipe book
• In the file system of an operating system
• In a photo album
• In a music playlist
• On a map of the world

Multiple Choice

5.6 (Stevie Ulloa) What does the format NTFS stand for?

• Network Transfer File System
• Non-Technical File System
• New Technology File System
• Native Technology File System
• New Transfer Format System

5.7 Storage Spaces

The Storage Spaces feature is available only in Windows 8. x and 10.

Open control center using

search tool, go to System and

Security and then click on

Storage Spaces

>*Create a new pool and

storage space*

How To Create a Storage Pool - (Storage

Spaces Windows 10)

Data Resiliency

Simple ( no resiliency )

Two-way mirror / require at least 2

physical disks

Three-way mirror / require at least 5 hard

disk drives

Parity / require at least 3 hard disk drives

Dual parity

Storage space is pulling available storage from multiple disk or storage devices to create
logical drives. Storage space will show up as 1 drive.

Rotational Disk Speed

RPM / revolutions per minute

5,400 RPM / slow

7,200 RPM / standard

10,000 RPM / good
15,000 RPM / best

The faster the speed the faster the computer

is taking input and displaying output.

Storage Space components
Devices: hard disks, physical
storage where pools can be

formed on.

Pool: free space on the devices is
combined into a logical concept.
Storage space: defines where the

pool will be.

5.8 Disk Optimization

SATA (Serial Advanced

Technology Attachment ) data

transfer speeds.

Standard 1.0 -150 MB / s

2.0 -300 MB / s
3.0 -600 MB / s

Hardware Optimization / Things that

you can do to optimize the

performance of your storage system.

Optimizing Disk rotational speed

Optimizing Disk interface

Disk cleanUp

Delete browser cache
Empty Recycling Bin
Delete temporary files
Use Disk cleanUp utility

Scanning for Errors

Use Windows Error Check
(File Explorer→This PC→

right click the drive→tools tab)

Some hard drives do not use rotating disks such as:

Solid-state drives

NVMe (nonvolatile memory express) solid-state drive

NVMe M.2 (nonvolatile memory express) solid-state

drive

5.7 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.7 (Nga Dao) How does rotational disk speed affect drives?

• Rotational disk speed determines the size of the drive.
• Rotational disk speed has no effect on drives.
• Rotational disk speed affects drives by determining how quickly data can be accessed and transferred.
• Higher rotational disk speed leads to slower data access.
• Rotational disk speed don't affects data transfer, nor data access.

Multiple Choice

5.7 (Isabella Haynes) Can more than one storage

space be created from one storage pool?

• Only in certain circumstances
• No
• Only if the storage pool is large enough
• Sometimes
• Yes

Multiple Choice

5.7 (Stevie Ulloa) In resiliency a "Three-Way mirror" requires how many disk drives?

• 4
• 6
• 2
• 1
• 5

5.8 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.8 (Nga, Dao)What kind of hard drive that don’t use rotating disks?

• Solid-state drives (SSDs)
• Floppy drives
• CD drives
• DVD drives
• External hard drives

Multiple Choice

5.8 (Isabella Haynes) What is a Windows tool for error checking?

• Error Scan
• Troubleshoot Tool
• Check Disk or Chkdsk
• Windows Fixer

Multiple Choice

5.8 (Stevie Ulloa) The window Disk Cleanup can be used to?

• Free up space on a computer's hard drive by deleting unnecessary files.
• Defragment a computer's hard drive
• Encrypt files on a computer's hard drive
• Increase the size of a computer's hard drive
• Create new files on a computer's hard drive

5.9 Storage and RAID Troubleshooting

Hard Disk

Considerations

●Hard disks need
backup

●Hard disk are
sealed units

Serious Boot Failures (steps)

1.Boot system from operating
system installation media,

2.command prompt option,

3.run bootrec then run in order.

4.bootrect /rebuildbcd

5.bootrect /fixmbr

6.bootrect /fixboot

Drive Errors
Clicking noises

S.M.A.R.T ( Self Monitoring

Analysis and Reporting

Technology system) errors

Simple Boot Failures

●Incorrect boot order

●Wrong SATA connector

●Booting from removable
devices

●Boot drive unplugged

Disk Space Consumption

Facts

Mostly empty disks perform
better than mostly full disks.
Defragmented disks perform
better than fragmented disks.

SSD / Solid-state Drives

recommendations

Back up heavily utilized SSDs on
traditional HDDs / hard drive disks
Heavily accessed data on HDDs
High performance data on SSDs

RAID Issues

●Install the latest RAID
driver

●Verify controller and
drive function

●Failed RAID board

●Failed RAID drive

5.9 Questions

Multiple Choice

5.9 (Nga,Dao) Do disks perform better empty or full?

• Empty
• Depends on the type of disk
• Partially full
• It doesn't matter
• Full

Multiple Choice

5.9 (Isabella Haynes) Out of the following

statements which one is a RAID issue.

• The RAID array is compatible with all operating systems.
• All disks in the RAID array are functioning properly.
• The RAID array is running at optimal performance.
• The RAID array has been successfully configured.
• One of the disks in the RAID array has failed.

Multiple Choice

5.9 (Stevie Ulloa) True or False :

Fragmented disks perform better than Defragmented disks.

• True

• False

• I Dont Know