Unit 4 Section 2: Intro to Biology &Prokaryotic Life

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DO NOW: Write what you think the example words mean in your lab manual.

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Unit 4 Section 2: Introduction to Biology & Prokaryotic Cells

Multiple Choice

What part of the microscope is labeled 1?

• objective lens

• ocular lens

• stage

• coarse adjustment knob

Multiple Choice

What power do you start with when using a microscope?

• High power
• Medium power
• Low power
• Extra high power

Multiple Choice

You should never use this when on high power.

• Fine adjustment Knob

• Diaphragm
• Course adjustment Knob

• Stage clip

Poll

You learned about cells in sixth grade. How confident do you feel in your knowledge of cells?

• I got this down no problem.

• I remember a little bit, but am fuzzy on the details.

• I don't remember much, but can describe some terms. if my life depended on it

• I don't remember cells at all.

• I was in sixth grade?

Word Cloud

Give me one to two words that describe your knowledge of cells.

Lesson Objectives

• List and Describe the Characteristics of Living Things

• Describe the Structure and functions of the four types of molecules that make up living things

• Describe the key differences between the two basic types of cells

• Describe the Main Functions of Eukaryotic Cells

Characteristics of Life

• Biology: The Study of life and living organisms

• All Living things share certain characteristics

  • Use energy

  • Develop and Grow

  • Maintain themselves

  • Have the Capacity to reproduce

    • Asexual Reproduction: one organism reproduces on its own to make an identical organism

    • Sexual Reproduction: Organisms form special sex cells that can be combined and develop into new unique individuals

Molecules of Life

• Macromolecules: Large Molecules that consist of multiple smaller molecules joined together

• There are four Macromolecules that are essential to all life

  • Proteins

  • Carbohydrates

  • Lipids

  • Nucleic Acid

Proteins

• Proteins: Folded chains of organic molecules called amino acids

  • Only 20 different amino acids exist in living organisms

    • They are folded into countless ways to create new structures

• Performs many functions in an organism

  • Give Structure

  • Act as Hormones to send signals to the body

  • Help break down food into energy

Carbohydrates

• Carbohydrates: Molecules that store energy for short-term use in Living Organisms

  • Made up of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms

  • Some can also serve a structural function

  • Simple Sugars: Glucose, Fructose

  • Simple Sugars can be combined and linked into more complex molecules

Lipids

• Lipids: Molecules used to provide long-term storage of energy and structural functions for cells

  • More efficient than carbohydrates

    • 1 gram of lipid is more energy than 1 gram of Carbs

  • Made up of Fats and oils

  • Do not dissolve in water

  • made up of Hydrocarbons,

    • Long chains of hydrogen and carbon

Nucleic Acids

• Nucleic Acids: A macromolecule that stores genetic information in living organisms

  • Made up of nucleotides

    • A small Sugar molecule, a Phosphate Group, and a Nitrogenous Base

    • Four types of Nucleotides Exist

• Two types of Nucleic Acids Exist

  • Deoxyribose Nucleic Acids (DNA): two strands twisted into a spiral

  • Ribonucleic Acid (RNA): Single Strands

Multiple Choice

What is Biology?

• Biology is the study of life and living organisms.
• Biology is the study of historical events.
• Biology is the study of celestial bodies.
• Biology is the study of chemical reactions.

Multiple Select

Which of the following are characteristics of life?

• Use Energy

• Develop and Grow

• Maintain Oneself

• Has the Capacity to Reproduce

• Can Think and Reason

Dropdown

Molecules that store energy for short-term use are called ​

Select answer

, while molecules that store energy for long-term use are called ​

Select answer

.

Multiple Choice

What are proteins made up of?

• Carbohydrates

• Amino Acids

• Nucleic Acids

• Lipids

• Macromolecules

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule is the most efficient form of storing energy?

• Nucleic acids
• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins

Cells

• Cells: The most basic unit of life

  • Organisms that are made up of one cell are called unicellular organisms

  • Organisms that are made up of multiple cells are called multicellular organisms

• Different types of cells perform different functions

Development of Cell Theory

• Cells were first discovered in the 1600s

• Robert Hooke: First looked at cork bark under a microscope

  • saw empty spaces in the sample and called them "cells"

• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek: First to observe living cells under a microscope in water samples

• 1838: Matthias Schleiden concludes all plants are made of cells

• 1839: Theodor Schwann Cones to the conclusion that all animals are made up of cells

Principles of Cell Theory

• All Living things are made of cells

• Cells are the basic units of structure and function in living things

• All New Cells are produced from existing cells

Multiple Choice

What invention made the discovery of cells possible?

• The lightbulb

• The phonograph

• The kinetoscope

• The microscope

Multiple Choice

Which one of these people discovered cells?

• Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

• Robert Hooke

• Captain Hook

• Matthias Schleiden

• Theodor Schwann

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is part of cell theory?

• Cells operate through blinks and clicks

• All organisms are made of one or more cells

• All cells are made of organisms

• All New cells come from water

Types of Cells

• Cells are divided into two main groups based on whether or not they have a nucleus

  • Nucleus: A structure within a cell that contains the cell's DNA

Domains of Life

• Biologists split life into three major groups called domains

• Organisms in the same domains share similar traits

• The three domains of life:

  • Bacteria

  • Archea

  • Eukarya

Prokaryotic cells

• Prokaryotic Cells lack a nucleus

  • They Have a cell wall that contains and protects the DNA

• Prokaryotes: Organisms made of Prokaryotic Cells

  • First evolved 3.5 to 4 billion Years ago

  • They are between 0.1 to 10 micrometers in diameter

• The domains of Bacteria and Archaea Consist of Prokaryotes

Bacteria

• Bacteria: One of the three domains of life, consisting of a diverse group of prokaryotes

• One of the oldest lineages on Earth

  • The oldest fossils found are of Bacteria

Traits of Bacteria

• For the most part, Bacteria are single-celled organisms

• Have two ways of obtaining food

  • Autotroph: An organism that produces its own source of food/energy

    • Photosynthesis or chemosynthesis

  • Heterotroph: An organism that obtains food/energy from an outside source

• Typically reproduce asexually and very quickly

  • one can divide and double within 20 minutes

Bacteria Shapes

• Bacteria can come in a variety of shapes

• Four main shapes

  • Cocci: round Spheres

  • Bacillus: Rods

  • Spirilla/Spirochetes: Spirals

  • Vibrio: Looks like a comma

External Bacteria structures

• Capsule: Structure to contain fluid in the cell so it does not dry out

• Flagella: A whiplike structure that can be used by cells to move

• Pili: hair-like structures that help the bacteria attach to things

Structural Bacteria structures

• Cell Wall: A structure that protects the inside of the bacteria cell

• Plasma Membrane: A fluid membrane that can help determine what goes in and out of the cell

Internal Bacteria structures

• Cytoplasm: offers support and protection for the inside of the cell

• Nuclear Material: A strand of DNA that floats freely in the cell

• Ribosome: A structure of the cell that uses DNA to make Proteins

Why are Bacteria important?

• All life depends on the functions that Bacteria perform

• Decomposition: The breakdown of organic matter

  • Carried out by bacteria

  • Produces the Carbon Dioxide that is needed for photosynthesis to occur

• Help Cycle nutrients throughout the Earth

• Some Bacteria can cause illness and disease

• The human body is filled with bacteria that live in/on us and help us perform functions

  • Digestion needs bacteria

Archea

• Archea: A distinct domain of prokaryotic organisms more closely related to the eukaryotic domain than bacteria

  • Are in between the two domains, and have traits of both the other domains

  • They can be found in very extreme environments

Multiple Choice

What makes a cell a prokaryote?

• A cell is a prokaryote if it lacks mitochondria.

• A cell is a prokaryote if it has specialized tissues.

• A cell is a prokaryote if it has a nucleus

• A cell is a prokaryote if it lacks a nucleus

Dropdown

The ​

Select answer

is the structure of a cell that contains DNA.

Multiple Select

Bacteria are....(select all that apply)

• Single-celled organisms

• Multi-cellular organisms

• Eukaryotes

• Prokaryotes

Multiple Choice

The tiny structures that produce proteins inside bacteria are...

• bacteria

• ribosomes

• cytoplasm

• endospore

Multiple Choice

A whip-like structure that helps a bacterial cell to move

• Flagellum/Flagella

• Conjugator

• Endospore

• Pilli