Unit 8 Review AP Chem

​Rules for Naming Branching Alkanes

​1. Find the longest continuous chain (it does NOT have to be straight!)

​

    CH3

                        |

            CH3–CH2–CH–CH2–CH2–CH3

​

​

​

Rule 3

If there is more than one identical

substituent the number of

substituent is indicated by using

prefixes –di, –tri, –tetra and so on.

Rule 4

When two or more different

substituents are bonded to the

carbon chain, they are ordered

alphabetically.

Reorder

Sort the steps for naming alkanes.

• Find the longest carbon chain

• Number the carbon chain so substituents have lowest possible numbers

• Identify the types of substituents

1

2

3

• 1
• 2
• 3

Multiple Choice

When writing names for organic compounds, commas separate....

• numbers

• names from numbers

Multiple Choice

When writing names for organic compounds, dashes separate....

• numbers
• names from numbers

Groups

• Cl - chloro

• Br - bromo

• CH₃ - methyl

• C₂H₃C₂H₂- ethyl

Multiple Choice

What is the common name given to this alkyl branch?

• Propyl

• Methyl

• Isopropyl

• Ethane

Multiple Choice

Name the following alkane?

• 3-ethyl octane

• 2-ethyl hexane

• 3-ethyl heptane

• 5-ethyl heptane

Multiple Choice

Name the following alkane:

• 2-methyl pentane

• 1-methyl hexane

• 1,1-dimethyl pentane

• 1,2-dimethyl butane

Multiple Choice

Name the following alkane:

• 3-ethyl hexane

• 3-ethyl 2-methyl pentane

• 2-methyl 3-ethyl pentane

• 3-ethyl 4-methyl pentane

Multiple Choice

Name the following alkane:

• 2-methyl 3-methyl butane

• 1,1,2-trimethyl butane

• 2,3-dimethyl butane

• 2,3-dimethyl pentane

Multiple Choice

Which is the structures with IUPAC nomenclature

2,2,4-trimethylpentane

Multiple Choice

Name the compound.

• nonene
• 2,2-dimethyl-3-heptene
• 1,1,5-trimethyl-2-hexene
• 2,6-dimethyl-3-heptene

Multiple Choice

What is the correct name for the alkyne shown?

• butyne

• 1-butyne

• 2-butyne

• 1-methyl-1-propyne

Multiple Choice

• 1-propene

• 2-propyne

​The strength of intermolecular forces increases in the order of:

London dispersion forces < dipole-dipole forces < hydrogen bonding < ion-dipole forces.

These forces are responsible for many of the observable properties of liquids and solids, such as surface tension, viscosity, boiling point, and melting point.

​Ion-dipole forces: These forces occur between an ion and a polar molecule, such as between sodium chloride (an ionic compound) and water (a polar molecule).

The attractive force between the ion and the dipole in the molecule results in a strong intermolecular force.

The strength of intermolecular forces increases in the order of London dispersion forces < dipole-dipole forces < hydrogen bonding < ion-dipole forces.

These forces are responsible for many of the observable properties of liquids and solids, such as surface tension, viscosity, boiling point, and melting point.

​Hydrogen bonding:

This is a specific type of dipole-dipole force that occurs between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom, such as nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine, and a lone pair of electrons on a neighboring molecule.

Hydrogen bonding is responsible for many of the unique properties of water and other polar molecules.

​Dipole-dipole forces:

These forces arise between polar molecules that have a permanent dipole moment.

The partially positive end of one molecule is attracted to the partially negative end of another molecule, resulting in an attractive force between the molecules.

London dispersion forces:

1. These are the weakest type of intermolecular force, and they occur in all molecules, whether polar or nonpolar.

2. They arise from the temporary fluctuations in the electron distribution around a molecule, which causes a temporary dipole moment.

3. These temporary dipoles can induce similar dipoles in neighboring molecules, resulting in a weak attractive force between the molecules.

Match

Match the Following

• Hydrogen Bond

• London Dispersion Forces

• Dipole- Dipole

Present in Polar involving N, O, F

Present in both Polar and Non Polar Molecules

Polar Substances only

• Present in Polar involving N, O, F

• Present in both Polar and Non Polar Molecules

• Polar Substances only

Multiple Choice

Rank these in order of strength(highest to lowest):
covalent bond
London forces
hydrogen bond
dipole-dipole attraction

• dipole-dipole>covalent bond>hydrogen bond>London

• London>dipole-diple>hydrogen bond>covalent bond

• covalent bond>hydrogen bond>dipole-dipole>London

• hydrogen bond>dipole-dipole>London>covalent bond

Multiple Choice

What is the strongest intermolecular forces in the molecule?

• Van der Waals Forces

• Hydrogen bonds

• Dispersion Forces

Multiple Choice

What is the strongest intermolecular forces?

• Hydrogen bonds

• Van der Waals Forces

• Dipole-Dipole

Multiple Choice

Is the molecule polar or non-polar and what is the strongest intermolecular forces?

• Polar- Van der Waals Forces

• Non-Polar- Van der Waals Forces

• Polar- Dipole-Dipole

• Non-Polar- Dipole-Dipole

Multiple Choice

Intermolecular forces are the forces

• within molecules

• between molecules

Multiple Choice

Type of intermolecular force present in I₂, Br₂, and Cl₂.

• dipole dipole

• H-bond

• dispersion

• metallic

Multiple Choice

H₂S has what kind of intermolecular force?

• dipole dipole

• dispersion

• H-bond

• ionic

Multiple Choice

Type of intermolecular force present in HF.

• dipole dipole

• dispersion

• H-bond

• ionic

Multiple Choice

Does CH₄ have hydrogen bonding?

• yes

• no

Multiple Choice

Intermolecular force present in Cl₂?

• dipole dipole

• H-bond

• dispersion

• metallic

Multiple Choice

Does HCl have hydrogen bonding?

• yes

• no

Multiple Choice

Intermolecular force present in HCl?

• dipole dipole

• dispersion

• H-bond

• ionic

Multiple Choice

Intermolecular forces for: NH₃

• Dispersion Force

• Dipole dipole

• Hydrogen bonding

Multiple Choice

Which of the following has the lowest boiling point?

• CaCl₂

• PH₃

• Cl₂

• N₂

Multiple Choice

Which noble gas has the highest boiling point?

• Xe

• Kr

• Ar

• He

Multiple Choice

Which of the following has the highest boiling point?

• H₂

• NH₃

• N₂

• O₂

Multiple Choice

Which of the following will take the longest to evaporate?

• CH₃CH₂OH

• CH₃OH

• CH₃CH₃

Multiple Choice

Which substance would have the weakest intermolecular forces of attraction?

• CH₄

• NaCl

• H₂O

• MgF₂

Multiple Choice

Which of the following factors plays an important role in the identification of specific intermolecular forces in a molecule?

• bond type

• density

• solubility

• molecular polarity

​Some text here about the topic of discussion.

​A full heating curve looks like this

​Some text here about the topic of discussion.

​We need to be able to tell what phases are present, and what is happening, in each segment

​Remember that temperature can go up ONLY when a single phase is present.

. . .

If more than one phase is present, the phase is changing, and rearranging particles takes up all of the energy

​Some text here about the topic of discussion.

First, let's identify phases

​Solid

​Liquid

Vapor

Since substances melt at a lower temperature than they boil, the lower temp plateau is melting (solid + liquid); the higher is vaporization.

​Some text here about the topic of discussion.

Recall that the flat segments were the surprising result in our experiment

​Solid + liquid (melting)

​liquid

+ vapor

(vaporization)

Multiple Choice

What phase(s) are present in segment (C)?

• Solid only

• Solid and liquid

• Liquid only

• Liquid and vapor

Multiple Choice

What phase(s) are present in segment (A)?

• Solid only

• Solid and liquid

• Liquid only

• Liquid and vapor

Multiple Choice

What phase(s) are present in segment (D)?

• Solid and liquid

• Liquid only

• Liquid and vapor

• Vapor only

Multiple Choice

What phase(s) are present in segment (B)?

• Solid only

• Solid and liquid

• Liquid only

• Liquid and vapor

Multiple Choice

What is happening in segment (C)?

• melting

• liquid heating up

• vaporization

• vapor heating up

Multiple Choice

What is happening in segment (E)?

• melting

• liquid heating up

• vaporization

• vapor heating up

Drag and Drop

GAS TO LIQUID

Energy Change: ​​

Placeholder

Molecular Order: ​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

HEAT IS REMOVED

INCREASES

HEAT IS ADDED

DECREASES

Drag and Drop

GAS TO SOLID

Energy Change: ​​

Placeholder

Molecular Order: ​

Placeholder

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

HEAT IS REMOVED

INCREASES

HEAT IS ADDED

DECREASES