Statistics

A question that can be answered by collecting data.

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Statistical Question

A quantity or quality that can be measured or counted, and for which data are expected to differ from one observation to another.

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Statistical Variable

A bell-shaped frequency distribution of a continuous random variable.

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Normal Distribution

​The group that does not recieve the new treatment being added.

Control Group

Data that fall into categories, rather than a quantitative attribute. ​

Categorical Variable

​One that can be measured and assigned a numerical value.

Quantitative Variable

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What is the typical number of apps a teenager has on a smartphone? This is a ​

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​ variable.

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What breed of dog is most likely to be adopted from an animal shelter? This an example of a

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variable.

The set of all members of a group that you want to know something about.

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​Population

A subset of the population that is being studied to answer a statistical question. ​

Sample

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A school newspaper randomly selects 30 students from each grade level to participate in a survey to determine the opinions of students at the school. The entire school would represent the

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The thirty students who are surveyed would represent the ​

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population.

sample.

Parameter: A measure that describes a population​

Statistic: a meause that describes a sample of the population

Parameter vs. Statistic

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A high school has four lunch periods. In a randomly selected lunch period, 24
% of students brought lunch from home. The 24% of students describes a sample of the population and is therefore a ​

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Apply a treatment to some group or groups and measure the effects of the treatments.

Experiment

Every member of a sample is asked the same set of questions and the answers are recorded.

Sample Survey

Types of Studies

Types of Studies (continued)

Observational Study

You measure or observe members of a sample in such a way that they are not affected by the study.
Sit back and watch!!! (And record what you observe).

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A gym asks its customers if they would prefer the gym to open earlier in the morning. This is an ​ ​

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Sample Survey

Observational Study

Experiment

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A gym tries out a new weightlifting method to see if it will build muscle for their customers faster than their current method.

This is an example of a ​

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Experiment.

Observational Study.

Sample Survey.

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A gym counts the customers who come before 8 a.m. This is an example of a(n) ​

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observation.

sample survey.

experiment.

A study has bias if it systematically produces results that misrepresent a population.

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​Bias

Simple Random Sample

Each member of the population is equally likely to be chosen.

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Simple Random Sample