Matter

MATTER UNIT

 What Matter Is

 Mass vs Weight

 Three Phases of Matter

 Classification of Matter

 Matter Summary

 Chemical & Physical Changes

 Chemical & Physical Properties

Kenneth E. Schnobrich

MATTER

What is Matter??

Matter is generally defined as anything

that has mass and occupies space.

Mass vs Weight

Mass refers to a quantity of matter and the mass

remains the same no matter where you are.

Weight however is determined by the effect of

gravity on a quantity of matter.

THE THREE PHASES
of
MATTER

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

Particles closely

packed

Particles are close

but free to move

Particles far apart

moving randomly

Definite shape and

volume

No definite shape

Definite volume

No definite shape

No definite volume

Strong interparticle

attractions

Weak interparticle

attractions

Almost no attractive

forces

Little to no diffusion

Moderate diffusion

Rapid diffusion

Incompressible

Incompressible

Compressible

THE THREE PHASES
of
MATTER

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

CLASSIFICATION OF
MATTER

PURE SUBSTANCES

Elements

Compounds

ELEMENTS - are the building blocks of
compounds
COMPOUNDS - are made up of 2 or more
different elements, chemically combined
in a definite ratio by mass

Pure Substances cannot be separated by physical means

THE ELEMENTS

You should be looking at the Periodic Table

PROPERTIES OF METALS

1. They have high melting & boiling points
2. They exhibit heat and electrical conductivity
3. They exhibit metallic lustre
4. They are malleable
5. They are ductile
6. They have low specific heats
7. They have high densities
8. Most appear silvery-gray in color (Cu, Au)
9. They have strong interatomic forces of attraction
10. Most are solids at room temperature (Hg)

METALLOIDS
SEMIMETALS

THE SEMIMETALS HAVE PROPERTIES THAT ARE

VARIABLE DEPENDING ON WHAT THEY ARE

REACTING WITH - BUT THEY CAN BEHAVE AS

BOTH METALS AND NONMETALS

NONMETALS

1. They have low melting & boiling points
2. They exhibit no heat and electrical conductivity
3. They exhibit a variety of colors
4. They are brittle
5. They are generally gases (C,P,S,Se,Br,Te,I)* at
STP
6. They are dull in appearance
7. They generally show weak attractive forces
8. Many are diatomic* (H2. N2, O2, F2, Cl2, Br2. I2)
**Diatomic means 2 atoms per molecule

*Solids or Liquids at STP

COMPOUNDS

IONIC

COMPOUNDS

MOLECULAR

COMPOUNDS

Combinations of

metals & nonmetals

Combinations of

nonmetals

Most are soluble in

water

Most are insoluble in

water

High MP & BP

Low MP & BP

In solution they are

good electrolytes

In solution they are

poor electrolytes

Crystals are brittle

Crystals are soft

IONIC COMPOUNDS

Ionic compounds are generally combinations of metals
and nonmetals.

METALS - tend to lose electrons and form cations.
Cations are simply ions having a positive charge.

Na -> Na+1or Ca -> Ca+2 or Al -> Al+3

NONMETALS - tend to gain electrons and form anions.
Anions are simply ions having a negative charge.

Cl -> Cl-1or S -> S-2 or N -> N-3or O -> O-2

MOLECULAR COMPOUNDS*

Covalent compounds are generally combinations of nonmetals
and nonmetals.

EXAMPLES:

CO2

H2O

CH4

C6H12O6

*molecular and covalent compounds are the same

MIXTURES - TWO TYPES

MIXTURES - have no definite composition and they are
easily separated by physical means unlike elements and
compounds.

HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURES - are called SOLUTIONS
and they appear uniform throughout.

HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURES - are very common
and they do not appear uniform throughout.

Examples of Homogeneous
Mixtures

SOLID

LIQUID

GAS

ALLOYS

SALT

WATER

AIR

AMALGAMS

KOOLAID

ANY GAS

MIXTURE

Solid

solutions

Liquid

solutions

Gaseous

solutions

EXAMPLES OF
HETEROGENEOUS
MIXTURES

A CHEESE, PEPPERONI, SAUSAGE, MUSHROOM,
AND HOT PEPPER PIZZA FROM LaNOVA

A RUBY TUESDAY’S BOWL OF BROCCOLI CHEESE
SOUP

A TIM HORTON’S CRANBERRY TEA BISCUIT

A HARRY’S HARBOR FRONT FRESH GARDEN
SALAD WITH ITALIAN DRESSING

MATTER SUMMARY

Definitions of the terms above

DEFINITIONS:

Elements - these are the basic building blocks for all
compounds and cannot be separated by physical
or chemical means
Compounds - chemical combinations of 2 or more different
elements in a definite ratio by mass. Compounds
cannot be separated by physical means only by
chemical means
Pure substances - these are either elements or compounds
Mixtures - these are physical combinations of 2 or more pure
substances in no definite ratio by mass. Mixtures can
be separated by physical means
Homogeneous mixtures - are also called solutions and they
appear uniform throughout
Heterogeneous mixtures - the individual components of a
mixture of this type can be readily seen

Chemical & Physical
Properties & Changes

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES - are those properties that can be
determined using the physical senses

Color
Odor
Taste
Crystal structure
Density
Specific Heat
Heat of Vaporization
Heat of Fusion
Melting Point
Boiling Point

Extensive vs Intensive
Physical Properties



Extensive

-

properties

that are dependent on

sample size



Mass



volume



Intensive

-

independent of sample

size



Density



MP & BP



Specific Heat



Color



Heats of Fusion &

Vaporization



Taste/Odor

Chemical & Physical
Properties & Changes

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES - are those properties that identify
how one substance reacts with another

• Iron rusts
• Copper develops a patina
• Hydrogen combines with
Oxygen to form water
• Carbon combines with oxygen
to form CO2 or CO
• The element Na (sodium)
combines with water to
form H2 and NaOH

Chemical & Physical
Properties & Changes

PHYSICAL CHANGE - These are changes in a substance that
do not involve a change in composition

Most common: Phase changes

2 phases

2 phases

Chemical & Physical
Properties & Changes

CHEMICAL CHANGE - These are changes that do involve
a change in the composition of a substance

2H2(g) + O2(g)
2H2O(g)

+

Bonds are actually broken and made

REACTIONS OF THE ALKALI METALS

When you click on the link below you will see a demonstration
of the activities of the Alkali Metals in Group 1. It should be
noted that the reactions of Rubidium and Cesium may have been
exaggerated slightly. It is important to note that Rubidium and
Cesium are so reactive that they have to be kept in a closed vial
with an inert gas atmosphere prior to immersing in the water. All
of the Alkali metals will form oxides on their surfaces rather
quickly because of their reactivity. Do not try to duplicate these
demonstrations.

click

*Special Note – you may want to
Preview this YouTube video.