Untitled Lesson

THE OCEAN, A CARBON SINK

A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that absorbs and stores the
atmosphere’s carbon with physical and biological mechanisms. Coal, oil,
natural gases, methane hydrate and limestone are all examples of carbon
sinks. After long processes and under certain conditions, these sinks have
stored carbon for millennia. On the contrary, the use of these resources,
considered as fossil, re-injects the carbon they hold into the atmosphere.
Nowadays, other carbon sinks come into play: humus storing soils (such
as peatlands), some environments (such as forming forests) and of course
some biological and physical processes which take place in a marine
environment.

These processes form the well-known « ocean carbon pump ». It is composed of
two compartments: a biological pump* which transfers surface carbon towards
the seabed via the food web (it is stored there in the long term), and the physical
pump* which results from ocean circulation. In the Polar Regions, more dense
water flows towards the Deep Sea dragging down dissolved carbon. Actually, in
high latitudes water stores CO2 more easily because low temperatures facilitate
atmospheric CO2 dissolution (hence the importance of Polar Regions in the
carbon cycle). It is difficult to determine the quantity of carbon stored by these
mechanisms, but it is estimated that the ocean concentrates 50 times more
carbon than the atmosphere. For some scientists, the Deep Sea and its water
column may be the largest carbon sink on Earth but its large-scale future is still
unknown. Also, with ocean acidification, this process could become less efficient
because of a lack of available carbonates*.

When talking about carbon storage, the notion of time is crucial. The biological
pump is sensitive to disturbances. Consequently, it can be destabilized and
re-emit carbon into the atmosphere.

The physical pump acts on another time-scale. It is less sensitive to disturbances
but it is affected on a long-term basis. Once the machine is activated, it will be
difficult to stop it. The carbon, transferred to the Deep Sea due to ocean
circulation, is temporarily removed from the surface cycle but this process is
rather poorly quantified. Also, after a journey of several hundred years, what will
this carbon become when these waters resurface?

The biological pump is actually easier to assess. It relies on ecosystems’ good
health. In the high seas for instance, the planktonic ecosystem is a major player.
All organic materials that reach the bottom participate in the biological pump and
when conditions permit it, they also participate in oil formation.
Calcium-containing materials such as coccolithophore, a microscopic one-celled
alga, participate in subtracting carbon from the natural cycle. When they die, they
generate a vertical net flux of carbon. This carbon can then be stored in the Deep
Sea for long geological periods. These processes can leave traces. For instance,
chalk cliffs are an accumulation of coccolithophores (micro algae covered with
plating made of limestone) on the ocean seabed, which have later resurfaced to
the continent due to geological movement.

Healthy coastal ecosystems play a mitigation* role against climate change,
especially by capturing carbon for their development. For instance, mangroves,
seagrass beds and salt marshes are significant carbon sinks. These last three
examples, store at least ten times more carbon than continental forests when

they develop by capturing carbon in their calcium skeleton. However, these
coastal ecosystems cover little surface on a global planet scale. Also, these
ecosystems are weakened by coastal urbanization and coastal economic
activities. Ecosystem restoration remains a priority to improve storage of carbon
excessively released into the atmosphere and requires ambitious policies.

In order to combat climate change, geoengineering* techniques to store CO2
artificially in the ocean carbon sink are under consideration. The scientific
community is rather concerned because negative consequences of potential
disequilibrium have not been explored yet. However, the concept of carbon sink
is very controversial. The carbon cycle is rather complex as it is associated with
other cycles which favor global warming.

Consequently, storing CO2 also releases steam water, which plays an important
part in the greenhouse effect. In addition, because of the increase in greenhouse
gas concentration, the water temperature and its acidity are changing. This
modifies physical, chemical and biological equilibriums and may affect the ocean
pump. All of this data should encourage us to think about the future of marine
ecosystems. This uncertainty should encourage us to be more careful and to
preserve marine ecosystems.