7.9.3-Plant Reproduction

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Chapter 9-Plant Processes & Reproduction
Lesson 7.9.3

Essential Questions:

1. What is the alternation of generations in plants?

2. How do seedless plants reproduce?


3. How do seed plants reproduce?

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Sexual Reproduction in Plants

By Alena Ellerbee

• Requires 2 parents

• Offspring's DNA is different from parents

• Causes a diverse population

• Requires more time and energy to reproduce

• Ability to remove mutations in from the population over time.

Sexual

• One parent

• Offspring's DNA is identical to parents

• Uniform population

• Requires less time and energy to reproduce

• Mutations remain in the population

Asexual

Types of Reproduction

Multiple Choice

In the process of reproduction, hereditary information is passed from one generation to the next. Some organisms reproduce asexually. How does an offspring produced by asexual reproduction (mitosis) compare to the parent organism?

• its genetic information is completely different from the parent organism

• one-quarter of its genetic information is the same as the parent organism

• one-half of its genetic information is the same as the parent organism

• all of its genetic information is the same as the parent organism

Multiple Choice

Asexual reproduction creates offspring that are

• genetically identical to the parent

• different from the parent

• different from each other

• formed by 2 parents

Multiple Select

Advantages of sexual reproduction are

• ability to remove mutations

• saves time

• saves energy

• genetic variation

Multiple Select

Advantages of asexual reproduction are

• ability to remove mutations

• saves time

• saves energy

• genetic variation

Specialized structures that are required for sexual reproduction

​Specialized Structures Include:

• Both male and female parts on the same flower​

  • male gametes are housed in pollen grains, which are located in the anthers​

  • The stigma is the tip of the structure that houses the female gametes

How Do Plant's Reproduce Sexually?

Although they do not mate as animals do, many plants reproduce sexually. If you’ve ever seen a plant with cones, flowers, or pollen, it reproduces sexually!

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• male gamete (found in pollen) must join with a female gamete (found in ovules) to produce offspring. The cell that is formed grows into an embryo inside of a seed, and a new plant can eventually sprout from that seed.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is where male gametes are found in plants?

• petals

• ovules

• pollen

• stem

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a plant male sex organ?

• stamen

• stem

• pistil

• petals

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is where female gametes are found in plants?

• petals

• ovules

• pollen

• stem

The male gametes travel through a pollen tube (or style) from the stigma to an ovule that is inside the ovary. When the female gamete in the ovule combines with the male gamete, a zygote is formed. This zygote becomes a seed, and in some cases the ovary will become a fruit containing many zygotes!

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Flowering Plant Reproduction​

Pollination

The transfer of male gametes in pollen to female gametes inside ovules

• Many flowering plants have separate male and female flowers with only one type of gamete in them on the same plant or on different plants.

• Like the conifers, flowering plants can self-pollinate, but many have evolved to use animals or the wind for pollination.

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Multiple Choice

Only flowering plants can self fertilize

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a conifer?

Multiple Choice

When a plant needs both male and female sex cells in order to reproduce, this type of reproduction is called _______ reproduction.

• sexless

• asexual

• sexual

• vascular

Multiple Choice

Identify the type of reproduction that occurs when pollen from the anthers of one flower transfer to the stigma of another.

• sexless

• asexual

• sexual

• vascular

Multiple Choice

When pollination occurs between the same plant

• self-pollination

• cross-pollination

Multiple Choice

If you look down into a flower you see tiny colored particles that feel like dust in your hand.  What is this?

• pollen

• bacteria

• protozoa

• zygotes

Multiple Choice

If you look down into a flower you see tiny colored particles that feel like dust in your hand.  What is this?

• pollen

• bacteria

• protozoa

• zygotes

Multiple Select

Which of the following are adaptations of flowering plants ensures that they will be pollinated by animals?

• brightly colored flowers

• pollen is very light

• stamens that hang outside the flower

• sweet sugars called nectar

• sticky stigma

Multiple Choice

What type of relationship existed between a bee and a flower?

• Parasitism

• Commensalism

• Mutualism

Multiple Select

Which of the following are adaptations of wind pollinated plants to ensure that they are pollinated?

• brightly colored flowers

• pollen is very light

• stamens that hang outside the flower

• sweet sugars called nectar

• sticky stigma

Two types of Plant Reproduction

Plants can reproduce both sexually and asexually.

Asexual reproduction happens when part of the
plant develops into a new, separate plant.

Sexual reproduction happens when a male
reproductive cell (sperm) combines with a female
reproductive cell (egg). This produces a seed.

In flowering plants, the female
reproductive organ is the pistil, the
male reproductive organ is the
stamen

sexual
reproduction in
flowering plants

Multiple Choice

• Ovary

• Petal

• Stigma

Multiple Choice

• Ovary

• Petal

• Sepal

Multiple Choice

• Ovary

• Stamen

• Stigma

Multiple Choice

• Ovary

• Stamen

• Stigma

Multiple Choice

• Ovary

• Petal

• Stamen

​Prepared by: Jerry Jun P. Ferrer

PARTS OF A FLOWER AND ITS FUNCTIONS

Seed Plants

There are two groups of seed plants:
• Non-flowering
In nonflowering plants, male and female cones
exist

• Flowering
Plants produce pollen grains which contain sperm.
They also female structures that contain eggs.

Pollination occurs when pollen grains land on
female structures of the same species. If the
pollen joins with an egg, fertilization happens, and
a seed develops.

pollination explained

Multiple Choice

The STAMEN....

• Produces pollen

• Makes seeds when combined with a flower's eggs

• Protects the seeds

• Attracts the insect to the flower for pollination

Knowledge check

Draw

circle the correct answer

Multiple Choice

Pollen....

• Produces pollen

• Makes seeds when combined with a flower's eggs

• Protects the seeds

• Attracts the insect to the flower for pollination

A tropism is a response that results in plant growth towards or away
from a stimulus.

The growth of a plant toward or away from light is phototropism. A
plant has a light sensing chemical that helps it detect light.

Thigmotropism is the response of a plant to touch. Example: vine
growing up a fence.

Gravitropism is the response of a plant to gravity. Stems grow away
from gravity; roots grow towards gravity.

Genetic factors also determine how a plant grows.

What factors affect Plant Growth?

Plant parts.mp4

Multiple Choice

Pistil....

• Produces pollen

• Makes seeds when combined with a flower's eggs

• Protects the seeds

• Attracts the insect to the flower for pollination

Draw

circle correct answer

Draw

circle correct answer

Multiple Choice

Petal....

• Produces pollen

• Makes seeds when combined with a flower's eggs

• Protects the seeds

• Attracts the insect to the flower for pollination

Multiple Choice

The STAMEN....

• Produces pollen

• Makes seeds when combined with a flower's eggs

• Protects the seeds

• Attracts the insect to the flower for pollination

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Alternation of Generations

•The life cycle of most plants includes a diploid (2n) sporophyte stage and a
haploid (n) gametophyte stage.

Multiple Choice

The sporophyte stage is the _______ stage.

• android

• haploid

• diploid

• triploid

Multiple Choice

The gametophyte stage is the _______ stage.

• android

• haploid

• diploid

• triploid

​Pollination

​Flowers have both female and male parts.

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​The Male part is called the stamen

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​The Female Part is called the pistil

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​Pollen from the stamen needs to reach the pistil in order to produce seeds

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Alternation of Generations

•The gametophyte stage produces gametes – egg and sperm.

•In nonvascular plants, the sperm must have a small amount of water to get to
the egg.

Multiple Choice

Spore producing plants use ____ instead of _______

• seeds; spores

• spores; seeds

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Alternation of Generations

•Fertilization of the egg forms the first cell of the sporophyte stage.

•As plants evolved, the sporophyte generation became larger and independent
of the gametophyte stage.

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Moss Reproduction and Life Cycle

•Mosses exhibit a reproduction and life cycle characteristic of most nonvascular
plants.

•Gametophyte stage is dominant

Multiple Choice

Which stage is dominant is mosses?

• gametophyte

• sporophyte

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Moss Reproduction and Life Cycle

•There are both male and female forms of gametophyte.

•Eggs are produced in the female structure, called the archegonium.

•Sperm are produced in the male structure, called the antheridium.

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Moss Reproduction and Life Cycle

•Flagellated sperm require water to reach the archegonium.

•Sperm move towards the archegonium in response to chemicals released by
the female gametophyte.

•This response is called chemotaxis.

•Fertilization of an egg results in a zygote, the first stage of a sporophyte.

Multiple Choice

Sperm move towards the archegonium in response to chemicals released by the female gametophyte is called...

• chemoreaction

• chemotaxis

• doyourtaxes

• getoffyouraxis

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Moss Reproduction and Life Cycle

•A mature sporophyte consists of a stalk with a capsule at its tip.

•Spores are released from the capsule when conditions are favorable.

•If a spore forms in a suitable place, it forms a protonema, a small structure that
can develop into a gametophyte and restart the cycle.

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Fern Reproduction and Life Cycle

•The familiar frond structure is part of a fern’s
sporophyte stage.

•The fronds contain spore-producing structures
called sori.

•If a spore lands on suitable soil, it produces a tiny
heart shaped gametophyte called a prothallus.

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Fern Reproduction and Life Cycle

•Prothalli develop both archegonia and antheridia.

•Fertilization results in a zygote, which starts the
sporophyte generation.

•Initially, the sporophyte grows on the prothallus
and receives support and nutrition

•Later, the prothallus disintegrates and the
sporophyte grows a rhizome that produces roots.

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle

•Conifers are heterosporous – they produce two types of spores that develop
into male and female groups.

Multiple Choice

Conifers are heterosporous – they produce two types of spores that develop into male and female groups.

• True

• False

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle

Female cones

•At the base of each scale on a female cone are two
ovules.

•Each ovule has a megasporangium that produces
megaspores.

•One of the megaspores develops into the female
gametophyte.

Multiple Choice

Organisms from this kingdom like to live in extreme environments.

• Bacteria

• Archaea

• Protista

• Fungi

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle

Male cones

•Each scale on the male cone contains hundreds of
sporangia.

•The sporangia produce microspores, which produce
the male gametophyte, or pollen grain.

Multiple Choice

Which characteristics describe plant-like protists?

• heterotrophic & can't move

• heterotrophic & can move

• autotrophic

• heterotrophic & reproduce with spores

Multiple Select

Which kingdoms contain multicellular organisms? (Pick 2)

• bacteria

• archaebacteria

• protista

• fungi

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle

Pollination

•Pollination occurs when the pollen grain from one
species of a plant lands on the female reproductive
structure of a plant of the same species.

•The pollen grain is trapped in a sticky substance
called the pollen drop which is located near the
micropyle – the opening of the ovule.

Plants

By Kate Harnage

Introduction to Plant Reproduction
Copyright © McGraw-Hill Education

Conifer Reproduction and Life Cycle

Seed development

•After pollination, the pollen grain grows a pollen tube
into the ovule.

•After fertilization, the zygote is dependent on the
female gametophyte while it undergoes cell division
and becomes an embryo

•As the embryo develops, the outside layer forms a
seed coat

•Seed development can take as long as three years.

Open Ended

List three characteristics of plants.

Multiple Choice

Seed development can take as long as _____ years.

• two

• three

• four

• five

• Eukaryotic

• Multicellular

• Photosynthetic

Plant Characteristics

Seed plants vs seedless (spore) plants

Multiple Select

What do plants need to go through photosynthesis? (Pick 2)

• Carbon Dioxide

• Oxygen

• Sugar

• Sunlight

Seedless Plants

The first land plants were seedless and grew from
spores. The lightweight spores allow for easy
spreading in the wind. Seedless vascular plants
require water for sperm motility during reproduction
and, thus, are often found in moist environments.
Examples:

MOSS FERN

​Embryos develop inside the female plant.

Embryo Development

The cuticle helps prevent water loss.

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​The stomata prevent water loss and allow gas exchange.

Cuticle & Stomata

These are like the veins and arteries of the plant, and they allow plants to be really tall.​

Vascular Tissue​

​Replace this with your body text. Have a nice day. Happy teaching!

Seasonal Changes

​Plant Adaptations

Open Ended

Which plant adaptation do you think is the most important?

Plant Classification

Multiple Choice

_________ plants have a well-developed system for transporting water and food.

• vascular plants

• non-vascular plants

Mosses, liverworts, horsetails.

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They do not have any vascular tissue. ​

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Nonvascular plants

Multiple Select

vascular plants have true ______, _____, and ______

• roots

• flowers

• stems

• leaves

• fruit

Ferns, club mosses, whisk ferns

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They have vascular tissue but do not have seeds.​

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Seedless Vascular Plants

Redwoods, pine, cypress

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They are vascular plants that have seeds but they do not have flower.

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Typically characterized by having cones.​

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Gymnosperms

Multiple Choice

The ______ transports water from the _______.

• xylem; leaves

• phloem;leaves

• xylem;roots

• phloem; leaves

Magnolia tree, roses, tomatoes

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They are vascular plants with seeds and flowers.

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Flowers may give way and develop into fruit. ​

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Angiosperms

A seed is produced by a plant and contains an embryo and food supply within a tough coat.

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What is a seed?

Multiple Choice

The ______ transports food from the _______.

• xylem; roots

• xylem; leaves

• phloem; roots

• phloem; leaves

Some plants use animals, wind, or water to move their seeds away from the parent. ​

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Seed Dispersal

SEED DISPERSAL

SEED DISPERSAL

• Wind dispersal

• Water dispersal

• ​Animal dispersal

• Explosions

​Seeds from plants like dandelions and cottonwood trees are light and have feathery bristles and can be carried long distances by the wind.

dandelion (n) hoa bồ công anh

feathery​ (a) mảnh, nhẹ như lông tơ

​1. Wind dispersal

​Have you ever blown on a dandelion head and watched the seeds float away?

Open Ended

Why do you think parent plants want their seeds to move away from them?

​​dandelion

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swan plants

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cottonwood trees

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Fleabane

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​Seeds from plants are light and have feathery bristles and can be carried long distances by the wind.

Multiple Choice

Non vascular plants have true roots, stem, and leaves and can grow very tall.

• True

• False

maple trees

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kauri

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​Some plants, like kauri and maple trees, have ‘winged’ seeds. They don’t float away but flutter to the ground.

flutter (v) rung rinh

​Plants move towards the light.

Phototrophism

​Plants grow toward or away from the pull of gravity.

Gravitropism

This is the touch response that some plants have.

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This behavior allows plants to use a trellis. ​

Thigmotropism

​Plant Behaviors

​2. Water disperal

Many plants have seeds that use water as a means of dispersal such as mangrove trees, coconut trees, lotus, Kōwhai trees...

If the seeds fall in the water, they are carried away by the tide to grow somewhere else.​

​Mangrove trees

Kōwhai trees

​3. Animal disperal

Subject | Subject

barb (n) (thực vậy học) gai, râu

hook (n) cái móc​

​Birds often fly far away from the parent plant and disperse the seeds in their dropping.

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Some seeds have hooks or barbs that catch onto an animal’s fur, feathers or skin.

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Multiple Choice

What is a cotyledon?

• the beginnings of roots, stems, and leaves

• stored food

​4. Explosion

Subject | Subject

​Some plants, like peas, gorse and flax, have seedpods that dry out once the seeds are ripe.

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When dry, the pods split open and the seeds scatter.

​gorse (n) cây kim tước

​flax (n) cây lanh

scatter (v) rải, gieo

pod (n) vỏ (quả đậu)​

ripe (a) chín​

​peas

Match

Match the following picture

gorse

cottonwood trees

Kōwhai trees

mangrove trees

flax

• gorse

• cottonwood trees

• Kōwhai trees

• mangrove trees

• flax

Multiple Select

What is inside a seed?

• Roots

• stems

• leaves

Fill in the Blanks

Fill in the Blanks

Multiple Choice

Cone Bearing plants are also called _______.

• gymnosperms

• angiosperms

Multiple Choice

dandelion

Fill in the Blanks

Multiple Choice

Flowering plants are also called _______.

• gymnosperms

• angiosperms

Fill in the Blanks

Multiple Select

​Some plants, like peas, gorse and flax, have seedpods that dry out once the seeds are ripe.

Multiple Choice

Spore producing plants use ____ instead of _______

• seeds; spores

• spores; seeds

Multiple Choice

When _ , the pods split open and the seeds scatter.

• warm

• wet

• dry

• cold