Bio 14.4 LESSON Mutation

14.4 Mutations

Learning Objectives

▪ Describe how mutations change genetic information.
▪ Explain how mutations affect genes.

Types of Mutations

Mutations are heritable changes in genetic information.
Mutations fall into two basic categories:
▪ Gene mutations
▪ Chromosomal mutations

Dropdown

Mutations are ​

Select answer

​

Select answer

in ​genetic information.

Gene Mutations: Point Mutations

A point mutation is a change in a single nucleotide.
There are three types of point mutations:

Multiple Choice

A point mutation happens in ...

• one chromosome

• one nucleotide

• three nucleotides

• three chromosomes

Point Mutations: Substitutions

In a substitution, one base is changed to a different base.

Multiple Select

if the original DNA codon is ATC

Which below could be the result of a single point substitution mutation?

Choose all possible substitutions.

• ATA

• AGC

• TAG

• ATTC

• AC

Multiple Choice

What would happen if a substitution mutation changed

UAU

into

UAG

• instead of adding Tyrosine, the process would stop.

• instead of adding Serine, the process would stop.

• instead of adding Tyrosine, the process would add Serine

• instead of adding Serine, the process would add Tyrosine.

Point Mutations: Insertions and Deletions

Insertion mutation: when a
single extra base is added into
the code

Deletion mutation: when a single
base is removed from the code

Categorize

Options (4)

a single base is added into the code

a single base is removed from the code

Categorize

Insertion

Deletion

Point Mutations: Frameshift

A frameshift can occur where every amino acid after an insertion or deletion is changed.
One point mutation can change every amino acid that follows.

Multiple Select

A frameshift mutation can cause many amino acids to be changed. Which type(s) of point mutations can cause a frameshift?

• substitution

• insertion

• deletion

Chromosomal Mutations

▪ Deletion
▪ Duplication
▪ Inversion
▪ Translocation

Match

Match the following chromosomal mutations

Deletion

Duplication

Inversion

translocation

• Deletion

• Duplication

• Inversion

• translocation

Effects of Mutations

Mutations can harm, help, or have no effect on an organism.
Some mutations arise from mutagens—chemical or
physical agents in the environment.

Multiple Select

What effect can mutations have on an organism?

• can be harmful

• can be helpful

• can have no effect

• can turn a mild mannered human into an incredible hulk

Multiple Choice

What is a chemical or environmental condition that causes a mutation called?

• mutagen

• gamma radiation

• chromosomal regenerator

• DNA transformer

Effects of Mutations: Harmful

Some of the most harmful mutations are those that dramatically
change protein structure or gene activity.

Normal red blood cell

Sickle cell

Example: Sickle cell
disease affects the
shape of red blood cells.

Multiple Choice

What do the most harmful mutations have in common?

• a dramatic change in protein structure

• a small change in protein structure

• they change the shape of blood cells

• they do not change the protein structure

Effects of Mutations: Beneficial

Mutations sometimes produce proteins with new or altered functions
that can be useful to organisms in different or changing
environments.

Multiple Select

How can a mutation that changes the function of part of an organism be helpful to that organism?

• it may be able to survive in a different environment

• it might no be able to survive in its environment anymore

• it might be able to evade predators better

• It might be easier for predators to catch the organism