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MODULE 8

Operating Systems: Managing, Coordinating, and Monitoring Resources

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digita Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

Icebreaker: Interview Simulation

An operating system in a device works like the human brain. As
technologies improve, so do the capabilities of the operating systems.

Discuss the challenges faced when using an older mobile phone
compared to the benefits of using a smartphone or smart device.

Open Ended

Brainstorming

An operating system in a device works like the human brain. As technologies improve, so do the capabilities of the operating systems.

Discuss the challenges faced when using an older mobile phone compared to the benefits of using a smartphone or smart device.

Type response here

LESSON OBJECTIVES

By the end of the module, you will be able to:

• Explain the purpose of an operating system

• Describe how an operating system works

• Identify types of operating systems

• Explain how to select an operating system

• Explain how to manage files and folders with an operating system

• Describe the uses of operating system management utilities

• Identify operating system security features

• Explain the uses of a virtual machine

Operating Systems (1 of 6)

•System software is the software that runs a computer, including the operating system.

•Operating system (OS) is a set of programs that coordinate all the activities of computer or mobile device hardware.

•The operating system and utility programs control the behind-the-scenes operations of a computer or mobile device.

•Some operating systems also allow users to control a network and administer security.

Figure 8-1: Common operating

system functions.

Operating Systems (2 of 6)

Table 8-1: Programs and apps by category.

Your task

Role of operating system

Start a word processing program and open a
document

• Starts the word processing program
• Provides tools for you to open the document file

Add information to the document

• Manages memory so the computer can run
• Saves your unsaved work to temporary storage

Save the document on the hard drive

• Find the hard drive
• Makes sure the hard drive has enough storage
space
• Saves the document
• Stores the location and file name so that you can
access the document later

Operating Systems (3 of 6)

•A graphical user interface (GUI) is a collective term for all the ways you interact with the device.

•A GUI controls how you interact with menus, programs and apps, and visual images such as icons, by touching, pointing, tapping, or clicking buttons and other objects to issue commands.

•An icon is a small picture that represents a program, file, or hardware device.

•A button is a graphic that you click to execute commands you need to work with an app, such as on a toolbar, taskbar, or the ribbon.

Figure 8-2: Graphical user interface

Operating Systems (4 of 6)

•

A menu is a list of related items, including folders, applications, and
commands.

•

Many menus organize commands on a submenu, which is a list of
additional commands associated with the selected command on a
menu.

•

A shortcut menu is a list of frequently used commands that relate to
an object.

•

Some menu commands display a dialog box, which is a box with
controls that lets you tell the operating system how you want to
complete a command.

Operating Systems (5 of 6)

Dialog box controls may include:

✔ Option buttons: round buttons

that present one choice; they
are also called radio buttons.

✔ Check boxes: square boxes

that present a yes/no choice
and display a check mark or x
when selected.

✔ List boxes: lists of options that

appear when you click arrows
in a dialog box; some list boxes
allow you to make multiple
selections.

Figure 8-3: Dialog box.

Operating Systems (6 of 6)

Standard operating system functions include:

• Starting and shutting down a

computer or device

• Managing programs

• Managing memory

• Coordinating task

• Configuring devices

• Establishing an Internet

connection

• Monitoring performance

• Providing file management

• Updating operating system

software

• Monitoring security

• Controlling network access

Jennifer T. Campbell, Discovering Computers: Digital Technology, Data, and Devices, 17th Edition. © 2023 Cengage. All Rights
Reserved. May not be scanned, copied or duplicated, or posted to a publicly accessible website, in whole or in part.

How an Operating System Works (1 of 6)

• The operating system is the essential software or app on your

computer or device.

• The operating system also manages interactions between hardware

and software.

• RAM is the storage location that temporarily stores open apps

and document data while a computer or device is on.

•

The more RAM a device has, the more efficiently it runs.

•

The operating system can allocate a portion of a storage medium,
such as a hard disk, to become virtual memory to function as
additional RAM.

How an Operating System Works (2 of 6)

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Virtual memory allows an operating system to temporarily store data
on a storage medium until it can be “swapped” into RAM.

•

The technique of swapping items between memory and storage is
called paging.

•

Paging is a time-consuming process.

•

Instructions used for processing data can be in the form of a program
or app, commands, or user responses.

•

The information is processed into output.

•

For example, a webpage typically combines text and graphics and
may include audio and video as well.

How an Operating System Works (3 of 6)

•

Most laptops and desktop
computers have the option to add
memory and storage.

•

To increase the memory on a smart
phone, you can add flash memory in
the form of microSD cards.

•

Users who take many high-
resolution photos and videos for
professional or personal use can
benefit from additional memory.

Figure 8-4: microSD

card.

How an Operating System Works (4 of 6)

•

Input is any data and instructions entered
into the memory of a device.

•

Input data and instructions can be
provided in many ways, including
interacting with your touch screen or
using a keyboard.

•

Once data is in memory, the computer or
device interprets it, and the system
software executes instructions to process
the data into information.

•

Instructions used for processing data can
be in the form of a program or app,
commands, or user responses.

•

The information is processed into output.

Figure 8-5: Screen displays, printers, and speakers are examples of output devices

How an Operating System Works (5 of 6)

• A buffer is an area of memory that stores data and information

waiting to be sent to an input or output device.

• Placing data into a buffer is called spooling.

• An operating system can be single-tasking or multitasking:

✔ A single-tasking operating system allows only one program or app

to run at a time.

✔ Most operating systems today are multitasking. A multitasking

operating system allows two or more programs or apps to reside in
memory at the same time.

How an Operating System Works (6 of 6)

The one in the foreground is the active program, that is, the one you are currently using.
The other programs running but not in use are in the background. The foreground program is typically displayed on the screen, and the background programs are hidden partially or completely behind the foreground program.
In addition to managing applications, an operating system also manages other processes.
A multiuser operating system enables two or more users to run programs simultaneously.

Figure 8-6: The foreground app is

on the screen, and the others are in

the background

Types of Operating Systems (1 of 11)

• Servers do not run the same operating system as tablets or laptops

because these computers perform different computing tasks.

• A server, by contrast, is always plugged in and generally remains on

all the time, which means its operating system would not need a
power-saving feature.

• The three basic categories of operating systems on computers and

mobile devices are desktop, server, and mobile.

• Operating systems, such as UNIX and Linux that function as both

desktop and server operating systems sometimes are called
multipurpose operating systems.

Types of Operating Systems (2 of 11)

•An operating system installed on a single
computer is called a personal computer
(PC) operating system or a desktop
operating system.

•Desktop operating systems are also
sometimes called stand-alone operating
systems or client operating systems.

•Certain computers and devices run only
those operating systems designed
specifically for the computer or device.

•Examples of widely used desktop
operating systems include Windows,
macOS, UNIX, Linux, and Chrome OS.

Discuss the difference between a mobile operating system and a computer operating system.

A mobile operating system (OS) and a computer operating system serve similar fundamental purposes but are tailored to the specific requirements and constraints of their respective devices. Here's a breakdown of the key differences between the two:

Discuss the difference between a mobile operating system and a computer operating system.

Form Factor and Interaction
Hardware Resources
Application Ecosystem

Mobile OS: Mobile operating systems are designed for handheld devices like smartphones and tablets, which prioritize touch-based interactions. The interfaces are optimized for smaller screens and touch input, and interactions are often gesture-based.
Computer OS: Computer operating systems are designed for desktops, laptops, and servers, which typically use keyboard and mouse inputs. These systems accommodate larger display sizes and a wider variety of input methods.

Device Form Factor and Interaction:

Mobile OS: Mobile devices have limited resources compared to computers in terms of processing power, memory, and storage. Mobile operating systems are optimized to run efficiently on these constraints, often utilizing power-saving techniques to maximize battery life.
Computer OS: Computers generally have more powerful hardware configurations, allowing computer operating systems to handle more demanding tasks and multitasking without as many resource constraints.

Hardware Resources:

Mobile OS: Mobile operating systems often have dedicated app stores (such as the Apple App Store for iOS and Google Play Store for Android) where users can download and install applications tailored for mobile devices. These apps are designed to run efficiently on mobile hardware and often utilize features like GPS, cameras, and accelerometers.
Computer OS: Computer operating systems also have software ecosystems but typically offer a broader range of applications, including productivity software, games, development tools, and more specialized applications.

Application Ecosystem

Ethics and Issues: Licensing an Operating

System (1 of 2)

• As new versions of the operating system are released, users often

upgrade their existing computers and mobile devices to incorporate
features of the new versions.

• The user includes continuity of service (no disruptions because you

get cut off from using the software because it is improperly licensed)
and security (you have access to the latest updates to know flaws or
bugs).

• An operating system’s automatic update feature can be configured to

alert users when an update is available or to download and install the
update automatically.

Ethics and Issues: Licensing an Operating

System (2 of 2)

Figure 8-8: Windows Update window.

Manage Files and Folders (1 of 8)

•A file is a collection of information stored
on your computer, such as a text
document, spreadsheet, photo, or song.

•The file format determines the type or
types of programs and apps that you can
use to open and display or work with a
file.

•A file extension is a three- or four-letter
sequence, preceded by a period, at the
end of a file name that identifies the file
as a particular type of document, such as
.docx (Microsoft Word document), or .jpg
(a type of graphic file).

File type

Extensions

Microsoft
Office

.docx (Word), .xlsx (Excel),
and .pptx (PowerPoint)

Text file

.txt, .rtf

Webpage

.htm or .html, .xml, .asp or
.aspx, .css

Graphics

.jpg, .png, .tif

Table 8-6: Examples of file
extensions.

Manage Files and Folders (2 of 8)

• You can change or view the properties of a file, compress a file to

save storage space, move or rename a file or folder, and organize
your files.

• As cloud storage becomes more prevalent and users rely more on

their mobile devices, some of these tasks may not be ones you have
encountered before.

• Operating systems include many utilities, also called tools, that

enable you to perform file management tasks.

• Every file has properties, such as its name, type, location, and size.
• File properties also include metadata, including the dates when the

file was created, modified, and last accessed.

Manage Files and Folders (3 of 8)

• The operating system assigns

some properties to files, such as
type or format, and updates other
properties, such as date, size, and
location.

• For example, an image might

contain information about the
dimensions (size) of the image,
while a song or media file might
include the artist(s) names.

Figure 8-9: Viewing a file’s

properties.

Manage Files and Folders (4 of 8)

• File size usually is measured in kilobytes (KB) (thousands of bytes of

data), megabytes (MB) (millions of bytes of data), or gigabytes (GB)
(billions of bytes of data).

• You often need to compress files and folders before you share or

transfer them.

• Desktop operating systems offer utilities to compress and

uncompress files.

• When you save a file, you must give it a name that follows rules

called file-naming conventions.

• Only the colon (:) is a prohibited character in macOS.

Manage Files and Folders (5 of 8)

• A file name should identify the content and purpose of the file, as

well as any other information, such as whether the file is a draft or
final.

• A folder can only include one file with the same name and of the

same type.

• You can have multiple files of the same type with the same name

only if they are in different folders.

• To differentiate a version of a file without overwriting the original,

you could add additional characters such as numbers, the date, or
the initials of the person who modified the file.

Manage Files and Folders (6 of 8)

•One method of copying or moving files in
Windows is to use the Clipboard, which
saves the file or folder from the source
file or folder until you paste it into the
destination file or folder.

•Other operating systems have functions
similar to a clipboard, as well as other file
management utilities.

•An operating system utility allows you to
create new, named folders; choose the
location of folders; move files between
folders; and create a folder hierarchy that
includes subfolders.

Figure 8-10: Folder hierarchy

Manage Files and Folders (7 of 8)

• A library is a special folder that catalogues specific files and folders

in a central location, regardless of where the items are actually
stored on your device.

• Libraries are helpful to find all files of a certain type, no matter

where they are located on your computer or device.

• Within your file manager, you can move, copy, and delete folders.

Moving or copying a folder affects all the contents of the folder.

• Deleting a folder moves it to the Recycle Bin or Trash folder, where

you can permanently delete it or restore it to its original location if
you change your mind.

• You can use a file manager to reorder, move, or navigate between

folders.

Manage Files and Folders (8 of 8)

• The Windows file manager is called

File Explorer, and the macOS file
manager is called Finder.

• To navigate to a folder, you need to

locate it using the search tool or by
opening a main folder and then
opening subfolders until you get to
the folder in which the file(s) you
need are located.

Figure 8-11: Windows file explorer

Use Operating System Management

Utilities (1 of 8)

• Operating systems provide users with a variety of utilities related to

managing their computer and devices and their programs.

• An operating system controls your computer by managing its

resources.

• The operating system tracks the names and locations of files, as well

as empty storage areas where you can save new files.

• To manage RAM resources, an operating system keeps track of the

apps, processes, and other tasks the system performs.

• You can open your computer or device’s version of the task manager

to view running programs and see the percentage of RAM being used.

• You can shut down programs and apps in the task manager to free up

RAM.

Use Operating System Management

Utilities (2 of 8)

Table 8-7: Operating system tools.

Tool

Function

File management

Performs functions related to displaying files; organizing files in folders; and
copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files

Attempts to locate files based on specified criteria

Image
viewer/Gallery

Displays, copies, and prints the contents of graphics files

Uninstaller

Removes a program or app, as well as any associated entries in the system files

Disk cleanup

Searches for and removes or archives unnecessary files

Use Operating System Management

Utilities (3 of 8)

Table 8-7: Operating system tools. (continued)

Tool

Function

Lock screen

Causes a display’s screen to require the user to sign in again if no keyboard or
mouse activity occurs for a specified time

File compression

Shrinks the size of a file(s)

Maintenance

Identifies and fixes operating system problems, detects and repairs drive
problems, and includes the capability of improving performance

Backup

Copies selected files or the contents of an entire storage medium to another
storage location

Power management

Monitors battery usage

Match

Match the following

Performs functions related to displaying files; organizing files in folders; and copying, renaming, deleting, moving, and sorting files.

Removes a program or app, as well as any associated entries in the system files.

Copies selected files or the contents of an entire storage medium to another storage location.

Attempts to locate files based on specified criteria.

Manages the hardware and software resources of the computer.

File management

Uninstaller

Backup

Operating system

Match

Match the following

Searches for and removes or archives unnecessary files.

Protects your computer from malware and viruses.

Manages and organizes files and folders on your device.

Ensures your system is running the latest software updates.

Recovers lost or deleted files from your storage.

Disk cleanup

Antivirus software

File management

Software updater

Data recovery

Use Operating System Management

Utilities (4 of 8)

•Operating systems provide shut down options so that you can exit programs and terminate
processes properly.

•Some operating systems have a sleep option to use low power instead of shutting down.

•Sleep stores the current state of open programs and files, saving you time when you resume
using your device.

•A common solution for Windows desktop systems is to run a disk cleanup utility, which finds
and removes unnecessary files, such as temporary Internet files or files you have marked for
deletion.

• Monitoring Performance Operating systems typically include a performance monitor.

• A performance monitor is a program that assesses and reports information about various

computer resources and devices.

• If a computer is running extremely slowly, for example, the performance monitor may

determine that the computer’s memory is being used to its maximum.

Use Operating System Management

Utilities (5 of 8)

•

Operating systems allow you to make
adjustments, such as connecting to a
network, controlling sounds, allowing or
preventing app notifications, changing the
brightness or other screen display
settings, changing the appearance of the
home screen or lock screen, applying a
theme to change the look and feel of the
operating system elements, and setting
lock screen settings.

•

You can also use these utilities to
uninstall apps, add accounts, and adjust
privacy settings.

Figure 8-12: Settings for an
Android smartphone

Use Operating System Management

Utilities (6 of 8)

•The desktop contains icons for programs and files, as well as toolbars, taskbars, menus, and buttons you can use to start programs and apps.

•A notification area displays the date and time, as well as shortcuts to utilities such as audio controls and network connections.

•In any operating system, a window is a rectangular-shaped work area that displays an app or a collection of files, folders, and utilities.

Figure 8-13: macOS desktop

Use Operating System Management

Utilities (7 of 8)

You can use two types of windows on a computer’s desktop: a program window displays a running program; a folder window displays the contents of a folder, drive, or device.

• The center area of the window displays its contents.
• The title bar at the top displays the name of the app, file, or folder shown in the window.

• On a computer, buttons enable you to maximize (make the window

fill the screen), minimize (reduce it to a button on the taskbar
without closing it), and resize the window.

These elements common to most windows include the following:

Use Operating System Management

Utilities (8 of 8)

•

Some windows include a ribbon, toolbar,
or menu bar that contains text, icons, or
images you select to perform actions and
make selections.

•

Windows can also include vertical and
horizontal scroll bars that you drag to
display contents currently out of view.

•

When you have multiple windows, files,
and apps open at a time, the windows can
appear side by side or stacked.

Figure 8-14: Common window elements.

Secure IT: Securing an Operating System

(1 of 4)

Network administrators, as well as owners of computers, typically have an administrator account that enables them to access all files and programs, install programs, and specify settings that affect all users on a computer, mobile device, or network.
Security software must run constantly to protect against new viruses, malware, and spyware attacks.
Security experts recommend using a firewall and configuring it to turn on or off automatically.
Automatic updating: Many people enjoy the convenience offered by allowing these fixes to install automatically instead of continually checking for new files to download.

Multiple Choice

Which option is used to save power?

Battery replacement

Low power mode

Shut down

Charger

Secure IT: Securing an Operating System

(2 of 4)

• Spyware and malware detection software: Because sophisticated

spyware and malware threats are emerging at an unparalleled rate,
comprehensive spyware and malware detection software is crucial to
fend off attacks on the computer or device.

• The operating system is generally scheduled to scan and update

when the computer is idle, such as in the middle of the night.

• Permissions define who can access certain resources and when they

can access those resources.

• User accounts protect your computer against unauthorized access. A

user account includes information such as a username or ID and a
password.

Secure IT: Securing an Operating System

(3 of 4)

• A standard user account is designed for the everyday user who will

be using the computer or device for work or recreation.

• If you want to provide someone temporary access to your computer,

you can create a secure guest account that gives access to basic
functions.

• A user account enables a user to sign into, or access resources on, a

network or computer.

• Each user account typically consists of a username and password or

PIN, but other methods, such as facial recognition, fingerprints, or a
physical security key, can be required for enhanced security.

Secure IT: Securing an Operating System

(4 of 4)

• If the user’s information matches

their security settings, the operating
system grants the user access.

• The operating system on a network

records successful and unsuccessful
sign-in attempts in a file.

• This allows the network

administrator to review who is using
or attempting to use the computer.
The administrators also use these
files to monitor computer usage.

Figure 8-15: Adding security

to a user’s settings.

How To: Use Virtual Machines (1 of 3)

• A virtual machine (VM) enables a computer or device to run another

operating system in addition to the one installed.

• To run a virtual machine, you need a program or app that is

specifically designed to set up and manage virtual machines.

• The virtual machine runs separately on a section of the hard disk called a "partition".

A partition, also called a volume, is a section of a hard drive that
functions like a separate drive. You can only access one partition of a
hard drive at a time.

How To: Use Virtual Machines (2 of 3)

The following steps describe how to set up a virtual machine:
•Obtain and install an app that creates and runs virtual machines.

•Run the app and select the option to create a new virtual machine.

•Specify the settings for the new virtual machine.

•If necessary, insert the installation media for the operating system you want to run
in the virtual machine.

•Run the virtual machine. Follow the steps to install the operating system on the
virtual machine.

•When the operating system has finished installing, remove the installation media.

•While the virtual machine is running, if desired, install any apps you want to run.

•When you are finished using the virtual machine, shut down the operating system
in the same manner you would shut down your computer.

•Exit the virtual machine software.

How to Use Virtual Machine (3 of 3)

After you set up the virtual machine, you can use the virtual machine at any time by performing the following steps:

Run the virtual machine software.
Select the virtual machine you want to run.
Click the button to run the virtual machine.
When you are finished using the virtual machine, shut down the operating system in a similar way to how you would shut down your computer.
Exit the virtual machine software.

MODULE 8

Operating Systems: Managing, Coordinating, and Monitoring Resources

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