Unit 3 Energy

What is Energy?
What are some
examples/sources
of energy?

Write your answer on the slip of paper provided

Introduction to Energy

EQ: How is energy defined

What is energy?

Ex: Match

●Where did the match get its energy?

●Let’s diagram the change in energy for the match in your
notes

Open Ended

What is Energy?

What are some examples/sources of energy?

Open Ended

Where did the match get its energy?

What is energy?

●Energy is the ability to cause change

Forms of Energy

2 Categories:

●Potential : Stored energy and the energy of position
(gravitational).

●Kinetic : The motion of waves, electrons, atoms,
molecules, and substances.

●SI unit for energy is the Joule, J

Potential Energy Types

●CHEMICAL ENERGY is the energy stored in the bonds of
atoms and molecules. Gasoline and a piece of pizza are
examples.

●NUCLEAR ENERGY is the energy stored in the nucleus of
an atom – the energy that holds the nucleus together. The
energy in the nucleus of a plutonium atom is an example.

Potential Energy Types

●ELASTIC ENERGY is energy stored in objects by the
application of force. Compressed springs and stretched
rubber bands are examples.

●GRAVITATIONAL POTENTIAL ENERGY is the energy of
place or position. A child at the top of a slide is an
example.

Gravitational Potential Energy
Equation:

GPE = mgh

An object’s gravitational potential energy increases as its
height increases.

Fill in the Blanks

Kinetic Energy Types

●THERMAL ENERGY or heat is the internal energy in
substances – the vibration or movement of atoms and
molecules in substances. The heat from a fire is an
example.

●MOTION is the movement of a substance from one place
to another. Wind and moving water are examples.

Kinetic Energy Types

●SOUND is the movement of energy through substances
in longitudinal waves. Echoes and music are examples.

●ELECTRICAL ENERGY is the movement of electrons.
Lightning and electricity are examples.

Kinetic Energy Equation:

KE = ½ mv2

● v= velocity

● m= mass

● Remember: the SI unit for energy is the

joule, J

Fill in the Blanks

Mechanical Energy = KE + PE

●Mechanical energy is the total amount of kinetic and
potential energy in a system

●Due to motion and position of an object

Let’s Markup Intro to Energy!

You can make your notes even better by marking
them up.

• This means:

  • Highlighting new vocabulary words and key concepts

  • Underlining important details

  • Circling significant terms or equations

●We do this so that we can revisit our notes on a
new day and restart the curve of forgetting

Then write either the definition, an example, or a drawing in the larger box

Write the name of the energy in the small box

​Gravitational Potential Energy


Energy stored in an object when it is lifted above the ground

​

​

Let’s write 2 Questions for Intro to Energy

●Every notes must have 2 or
more questions

○You create these questions

●Costa’s Stems help to write great
questions

Answer in terms of what variables are used to calculate, examples, and the key factor that makes it potential or kinetic

Compare and contrast the two energy types

Conservation of
Energy

EQ: Where does energy come from and where does it go?

Energy Conversions

Law of Conservation of Energy: Energy cannot be created or
destroyed, but it can change forms

Energy IN = Energy OUT

Falling Objects

Draw a diagram of the demonstration.

What kind of energy is in the ball before it falls?

What kind of energy is in the ball when it hits the ground?

What happens to GPE and KE?

Labelling

Label the ball's energy state:

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Half and half

All KE

All GPE

Mostly GPE but some KE

Open Ended

What happens to the GPE and KE?

Projectile Motion

What is happening to the KE and
the GPE throughout the motion of
the ball?

A

B

C

Hotspot

At what point does the baseball have ALL gravitational potential energy?

Hotspot

At what point does the baseball have ALL kinetic energy?

Open Ended

What is happening to the KE and the GPE throughout the motion of the ball? 

Swing

A

B

C

D

E

Drag and Drop

At point A, the girl's GPE is ​

Placeholder

while her KE is​

Placeholder

. At Point B, the girl's energy is ​

Placeholder

. At point C, the girl's GPE is ​

Placeholder

while her KE is ​

Placeholder

.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

100%

0%

Half GPE & Half KE

Multiple Choice

What energy/energies does point D have?

• Grav. potential energy only

• Kinetic energy only
• Mechanical energy
• Grav. potential energy and kinetic energy

Multiple Choice

At point E, what energy or energies does the girl have?

• Mechanical energy
• Grav. potential energy only

• Grav. potential energy and kinetic energy

• Kinetic energy only

Is energy always conserved?

Examples:

●What are the effects of friction?

Home

Open in new tab

Copy link

●A summary condenses main ideas into your own words

●Summaries focus key points and connections between concepts

●A good summary is 3-5 sentences long

●A bad summary looks like “Today we learned about motion. It is
useful in learning everyday.”

Summarize Motion

Let’s Markup Conservation of Energy!

You can make your notes even better by marking
them up.

• This means:

  • Highlighting new vocabulary words and key concepts

  • Underlining important details

  • Circling significant terms or equations

●We do this so that we can revisit our notes on a
new day and restart the curve of forgetting

A fable is a short story with animals as main characters. There is a moral or point and is 2 or 3 paragraphs.

Conservation of Energy Fable

• ​Write a fable about Conservation of Energy

• Include how energy transfers from one type to another

• Use at least 5 vocabulary words from this or previous units

• Include and underline the moral in the last paragraph

Word Bank
Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Sound Energy

Gravitational Energy Motion Energy Thermal Energy

Chemical Energy Thermal Energy Electrical Energy

Nuclear Energy Elastic Energy

Conservation of Energy

Energy Sources

EQ: Are some energy sources better
than others?

To fill these notes:

Go to Classroom and find the Energy Sources EdPuzzle. The
feedback from your answers will tell you how to fill out the
notes.

Nuclear Energy Source

●

There are two types of nuclear energy:

○Fission: Breaking bigger atoms like uranium into smaller atoms. We
dig up uranium from the ground.

○Fusion: Slamming two smaller atoms like hydrogen together to
create helium. Stars do this and we’re trying to copy it on Earth.

●

Both produce a lot of heat!

●Both are really clean (No CO2 produced) and great for the
environment.

●Fission, what we mainly use, produces nuclear waste

Geothermal Energy Source

●

Geo means “Earth” and thermal means “heat”

●

The Earth has a lot of leftover heat from when it formed and there is
a lot of radioactivity underground. These offer almost unlimited
energy sources.

●

We harness the heat by making water heat up. Either it turns a
turbine (electricity) or it radiates to warm a house.

●

It’s a clean and renewable energy source

●

It’s really expensive to set up and works in specific parts of the world

Work and Efficiency

EQ: Does energy always get converted to the form we want?

Efficiency

● Output work is always less than the input

work

● Friction takes a portion of the energy

Efficiency

● A perfect machine would be 100%

efficient...but that does not exist!
○ Cars = 15% efficient
○ Bicycles = 95% efficient

Efficiency Examples

A car starts with 1000 J worth of gasoline in the tank. The driver puts the pedal to the metal to get 150 J of kinetic energy. How efficient is the car’s engine?

1. ​Start by taking the energy leaving the system (kinetic energy) and divide it by the energy put into the system (gasoline chemical energy)

2. Hit enter

3. Multiply by 100 that gives you your percentage

Work

Work is a transfer of energy from one object to another by
applying a force some distance

W = F x d

Work = Force x Distance

Just like energy, work is measured in J

Kanye lifts the ball higher into the air. He applies a force upwards and the ball moves upwards, adding energy to the ball.

Work only happens when energy is added or removed

Kanye Shows Work

Mx. Claridge demonstratesWork

​

​

Let’s write 2 Questions for Conservation of Energy

●Every notes must have 2 or
more questions

○You create these questions

●Costa’s Stems help to write great
questions

Thermal Energy

EQ: How is thermal energy
transferred?

Match

Match the following energies to their picture

• A pot of water boiling

• Hammer driving in a nail, makes it move

• Electrons flowing through a lightbulb

• A sun shining

• A buffet

Thermal Energy

Mechanical Energy

Electrical Energy

Light Energy

Chemical Energy

• Thermal Energy

• Mechanical Energy

• Electrical Energy

• Light Energy

• Chemical Energy

Temperature

• Temperature: related to the average kinetic energy of an objects atoms or molecules.

  • as the temperature increases the average speed of the particles in random motion increases

Thermal Energy

• Thermal Energy: the sum of the kinetic energy and potential energy of all the atoms in an object

  • Thermal energy increases as temperature increases

  • At constant temperature, thermal energy increases if mass increases

Heat

• Thermal energy that flows from something at a higher temperature to something at a lower temperature is called heat

• Heat can be transferred in 3 different ways

Conduction

• Conduction is the transfer of thermal energy through matter by direct contact of particles

  • Kinetic Energy is transferred as particles collide

  • Solids, particularly metals, are good heat conductors

• Ex: Heating up a metal spoon

  • Kinetic energy of particles near the hot water increase

  • Kinetic energy is transferred when these particles collide with their neighbors

  • Heat is transferred from one end to the other

• Metals like copper, silver, & aluminum are among the best conductors

Conduction

Convection

• The transfer of energy by the motion of heated particles in a fluid is called convection

  • Convection currents transfer thermal energy from warmer to cooler parts of a fluid

  • Convection currents transfer thermal energy from warmer to cooler parts of a fluid

  • Convection currents create rain forests and deserts over different regions of Earth

• Ex: Lava lamp

  • As it rises, it loses heat by conduction to the cooler fluid around it

  • When it reaches the top, it has lost enough heat to become denser and sink to the bottom

  • The rising and falling action is convection

Convection

Radiation

• Radiation is energy transfer by electromagnetic waves (light waves)

  • Some radiation is absorbed and some is reflected when it strikes a material

  • The transfer of thermal energy by radiation is faster in a gas than in a liquid or solid

• Materials that are light-colored reflect more radiant energy

• Materials that are dark-colored absorb more radiant energy

Ex: The sun and certain room heaters blast us with infrared light. The air does not heat up as much but we feel a lot more warmth on our skin.

Radiation

• An Insulator is a material that does not let thermal energy flow through it easily

  • Gasses such as air usually make better insulators than liquids or solids

  • Double pane windows use an air gap to insulate

Insulators

Match

Match the following

• Radiation

• Convection

• Conduction

The transfer of heat by waves

Transfer of heat in gasses or liquids

Heat transfer through direct contact

• The transfer of heat by waves

• Transfer of heat in gasses or liquids

• Heat transfer through direct contact

Categorize

Options (20)

The heat you feel when you touch a hot stove

Heat you feel when you put your hands above a fire

Heat we feel from the sun

A spoon in hot water

Bro heating under a lamp

The reason heat vents are usually placed on the floor of a home

Fiberglass in the walls of a house

Oven mitts

Dogs warming by the fire

Cat naps in the sun

The metal tea kettle heating up

The water boiling in the kettle

Heat transfer that occurs in a fluid, such as air or water

The reason why hot air rises and cold air sinks

The heat you feel when you hold a metal spoon that was in hot soup

The reason why metal is a good conductor of heat

Heat emitted by a light bulb

Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves

Spray foam insulation in an attic

Reflective foil insulation in a car windshield

Organize these heat transfers into the right categories

Conduction

Convection

Radiation

Insulation

Summarize in your notes: what's the difference between heat and temperature?

Specific Heat

EQ: Why do substances heat and cool at different rates?

Mini-Lab

● A conductometer has 5 different metals

● Candle wax is at the tip of each metal

● Heat is applied to the center

● How long does it take for each metal to melt

the wax?

Specific Heat

◼ Specific Heat: amount of heat needed to raise the

temperature of 1 kg or g of a material by 1 degree C or K

◼ Measured in J/(g˚ C)

◼ Ex: beach and ocean

◼ Water is a good coolant

▪ Cooling systems of engines

Comparing Specific Heats

● The higher the specific heat, the more energy

it takes to get the object to go up in
temperature

● The higher the specific heat, the cooler the

substance feels cooler

Comparing Specific heats

● Specific heat for sand: 0.290 J/g℃

● Specific heat for water: 4.186 J/g℃

● This is why the sand feels hot but the water

feels cool

Measuring Specific Heat

◼ When heat flows into an object and its temperature rises, the

change in temperature is positive.

◼ When heat flows out of an object and its temperature

decreases, the change in temperature is negative.

◼ A Calorimeter is used to measure specific heat.

Calculating Specific Heat

◼ Changes in thermal energy (J) can be calculated

as:
mass (kg) x change in temp (˚C) x specific heat (J/kg ˚C)

Q = m (Tf-Ti) C

Calculating specific heat

Q = m (Tf-Ti) C

Q = amount of energy
m = mass
ΔT = change in temperature (Tf - Ti)
C = specific heat of substance

Calorimeters

Plate Tectonics / Sea Floor

Spreading

EQ: How is sea floor spreading
related to heat transfers?

Continental Drift

• Alfred Wegener proposed the idea of

continental driftin 1912.

• The Earth’s landmasses were once a single,

large supercontinent called Pangaea.

• Pangaea began to break up 250 million

years ago.

• Movement of the continents causes the

formation of mountain ranges.

Evidence of Continental Drift

• 1. The continents fit together like

pieces of a puzzle.

Evidence of Continental Drift

• 2. Fossils of a large reptile,

Mesosaurus, were found in South
America and the western coast of
Africa.

Evidence for Continental Drift

• 3. Rock formations are similar on some

continents. Mountain ranges appear to
continue from one continent to the
next.

Evidence for Continental Drift

• 4. Deposits from ancient glaciers are

found in Africa and South America.

Modern Evidence

• In 1947, scientists mapping the

Mid-Atlantic Ridge made two
discoveries:

• 1. Sediments near the ridge is thinner

and younger than sediments away from
the ridge.

Modern Evidence

• 2. The oldest rocks on the ocean floor

are 175 million years old, while the
oldest rocks on land are 3.8 billion
years old.

Sea-Floor Spreading

• In the 1950s, Harry Hess proposed the

cracks along the ridges were rifts.

• Rifts are places where magma rises and

cools, forming new sea-floor along the rift.

• Robert Dietz called the process sea-floor

spreading.

• Hess thought sea-floor spreading might

also move the continents.

Plate Tectonics

• Plate tectonics is the theory that

explains how and why the continents
move.

• Scientists have identified 15 major

tectonic plates.

Convection

• Magma in the mantle is heated,

becomes less dense, and rises.

• Magma then cools, and becomes more

dense, and falls.

• This process is called convection and

causes the plates to move.

Ridge Push

• Newly formed rock at the mid-ocean

ridge is warm and less dense than
older rock nearby.

• As rock cools, it sinks, and pulls away

from the ridge.

• This force is called ridge push.

Slab Pull

• As the lithospheremoves away from

the ridge, it cools and becomes dense.

• The lithosphere will sink into the

asthenosphere in a process called
subduction.

• As the leading edge of the plate sinks,

it pulls the rest of the plate with it.