PASS - Muscles and Joints

Muscular
System

More than 600 muscles make up the
system known as the Muscular System.
Muscles are bundles of muscle fibers
held together by connective tissue.

The 5 main functions of the muscular system are :

●

Movement

●

Support

●

Protection

●

Heat Generation

●

Blood Circulation.

Muscles move body parts by
contracting and then relaxing.
Muscles can pull bones, but they
can't push them back to the
original position. So they work in
pairs of flexors and extensors.
The flexor contracts to bend a
limb at a joint.

Muscles work with
your bones, tendons
and ligaments.
Tendons attach
skeletal muscles to
bones all over your
body. Together, they
support the weight of
your body and help
you move.

Muscle Support

Muscles in the torso protects the
internal organs at the front, sides,
and back of the body. The bones
of the spine and the ribs provide
further protection. Muscles protect
the bones and organs by
absorbing shock and reducing
friction in the joints.

Protection

Generate Heat

Heat is a byproduct of
muscle activity. As ATP is
used to power muscles
about ¾ of its energy
escapes as heat. Skeletal
muscle is most responsible
for generating heat.

Skeletal muscles also play a
key role in the movement of
blood around the body. Veins
embedded within a muscle
are compressed during
contraction of that muscle,
causing an increase in blood
pressure due to the presence
of one-way valves within the
veins. This increase in
pressure drives the blood
towards the heart.

Blood Circulation

Multiple Choice

Let's recap: What are the 5 main functions of muscles?

• Generate Heat

  Low Blood Pressure

  Relaxing

  Support

  Moving

• Support

  Protection

  Moving

  Holding bones

  Flexing

• Movement

  Support

  Heat Generation

  Blood Circulation

  Protection

• Support

  Blood Circulation

  Holding Bones

  Jumping

  Holding your weight

Skeletal muscles:the muscles that connect
to your bones and allow you to perform a wide
range of movements and functions. Skeletal
muscles are voluntary, meaning you control
how and when they work.

Examples of skeletal muscles:

● shoulder muscles (help pick things up)
● hamstring muscles (walking)
● abdominal muscles (protecting the spine)

Smooth Muscles:

These muscles are involuntary,
meaning they work without
thinking about it.

Examples of smooth muscles:

● Digestive tract muscles
● Respiratory muscles
● Bladder muscles

Cardiac Muscles

Cardiac muscles are also
involuntary and are found in the
heart. Cardiac muscles contract
the heart to keep blood flowing
throughout the body during its
lifetime.

Blood vessels contain only smooth muscle cells.
These muscle cells reside within the tunica media
along with elastic fibers and connective tissue.

​Hinge Joints

​Hinge joints work like a lever and allow
movement of 180^o .

Muscles work in pairs to contract and relax to move the joint.

​Ball and Socket Joint

​Ball and socket joint allow the joint to rotate in 360 allowing a lot of flexibility.

​Pivot Joint

​Pivot joints allow bones to rotate around each other by 360^o . The reason our neck does not rotate 360^o fully is because muscles limit how far it will rotate.

Multiple Choice

Which joint has a 180 movement and moves like a lever?

• Hinge

• Ball and Socket

• Pivot

Multiple Choice

Which joint has a 360 range of movement? But is restricted by muscles

• Hinge

• Ball and Socket

• Pivot

Multiple Choice

What joint has a 360 potential movement; however is restricted by flexibility?

• Hinge

• Ball and Socket

• Pivot

​Ligaments

​They connect BONE to BONE.
Ligaments are elastic and stretchy.
This allows the joint to move where it needs to, but keeps the bones aligned.
If ligaments were not stretchy, they would snap every time we bent a joint.

Multiple Choice

What do ligaments join?

• Bone to Muscle

• Muscle to muscle

• Bone to Bone

​Tendons

​They connect MUSCLE to BONE

Tendons are not elastic and not stretchy. This allows the muscles to pull up on a bone.
If the tendons were stretchy, when a muscle contracted to move a joint, it would stretch the tendon and the joint would not move.
Tendons must be very tough and strong to hold powerful muscles to strong bones.

Multiple Choice

What do tendons join?

• Muscle to Bone

• Muscle to Muscle

• Bone to Bone

​Cartilage

​Cartilage is a strong and spongy tissue.
It forms round the end of ball and socket, hinge and pivot joints to protect the end of the bone.
When we move, cartilage in our joints acts to reduce friction to protect our bones.
Arthritis is when cartilage wears down and the ends of bones in a joint grind together when it is moved.

Open Ended

What is the role of cartilage?

​Synovial Fluid

​Synovial Fluid fill the space between the ends of the bones in a joint.
It acts as a lubricant in the joint.
This makes the joints movement very smooth and free of friction.
The synovial fluid also acts as a shock absorber.
This is very important when we do exercise as a lot of pressure is put through our joint.

Open Ended

What does synovial fluid do?

Multiple Choice

The main role of the ligaments is to?

• Ensure the bones do not knock together

• Attach muscle to muscle

• Attached bone to muscle

• Attach bone to bone to allow for stability

Multiple Choice

The up phase of a squat represent what joint action?

• Abduction

• Dorsiflexion

• Extension

• Flexion

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the agonist muscle in the muscle relationship?

• The muscle that is contracting

• The muscle that is relaxing

• The muscle that is staying the same length

• The muscle that is stabilising the movement

Multiple Choice

In the up phase of the bicep curl, what type of contraction is occurring in the tricep?

• Isometric

• Isotonic

• Concentric

• Eccentric

Multiple Choice

What is the primary function of the muscular system?

• To provide structure to the body

• To protect internal organs

• To produce movement

• To store minerals

Multiple Choice

The deltoid muscle is found in which part of the body?

• The arm

• The thigh

• The shoulder

• The calf

Multiple Choice

Which muscle is responsible for the flexion of the leg at the knee?

• Quadriceps femoris

• Hamstrings

• Gastrocnemius

• Soleus

Multiple Choice

In extending the arm, the:

• triceps relaxes.

• biceps pushes.

• triceps contracts.

• biceps contracts.

Multiple Choice

Smooth muscle tissue is found:

• attached to bones.

• in the heart.

• in the tongue.

• in the stomach wall.

Multiple Choice

Tendons:

• contract when pulled by muscles.

• are fibrous and inelastic.

• help push bones apart.

• join bones together.