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USED TO

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We use "used to" to express a habit that someone had in the past but not anymore.

For example: I used to play soccer every weekend. (I don't play anymore because I don't have time)

But: I went jogging yesterday. (That's not a habit It only happened once.)

Multiple Choice

If I say: "I used to practice yoga"

That means that...

• I only did it one time.

• It was a habit.

Multiple Choice

If I say: "I went to London on holidays"

It means:

• I went to London only one time.

• I always go to London on holidays.

Multiple Choice

Choose the sentence that express a past habit.

• I read a different book every week.

• I read a book last week.

• I used to read a book every week.

• None are correct.

USED TO - AFFIRMATIVE

WE USE "USED TO" + THE VERB IN BASE FORM IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES.

For example:

Karen used to go shopping every weekend.

My parents used to drive an old van.

Multiple Choice

Complete with the correct form of USED TO.

Carl _______ marathons when he was young.

• use to running

• used to ran

• used to run

• use to ran

Multiple Choice

Complete with the correct form of USED TO.

We _________ the guitar every Friday.

• using to practice

• use to practiced

• used to practied

• used to practice

DIDN'T USE TO - NEGATIVES

We use "Didn't use to" + Verb in base form to express that an action wasn't part of a routine.

For example:

I didn't use to wake up early when I was a kid.

Sam didn't use to ride a bike to work.

Multiple Choice

Complete with the correct form of USED TO.

Mike _________ vegetables.

• didn't use to like

• didn't used to like

• didn't used to liked

• don't used to like

Multiple Choice

Complete with the correct form of USED TO.

Jim __________ sports as a kid

• not used to play

• didn't use to play

• didn't used to play

• didn't used to played

DID .... USE TO...? - QUESTIONS

We use DID + subject + USE TO + VERB in Base Form to ask if an action is a past habit.

For example:

Did you use to play video games as a kid?

Did Chris use to take the bus to school?

Multiple Choice

Complete with the correct form of USED TO.

______________ your cousins often?

• You did use to see

• Did you use to see

• Did you used to see

• Did you see

Multiple Choice

Complete with the correct form of USED TO.

Where ____________ to school?

• Do you used to going

• Did you used to go

• Did you use to going

• Did you use to go

Multiple Choice

Complete with the correct form of USED TO.

Kim __________ to Canada often.

• used to travelling

• use to travel

• used to travel

• using to travel

Multiple Choice

Complete with the correct form of USED TO.

Sophie ___________ meat as a kid.

• don't used to

• didn't use to

• didn't used to

• not used to

Multiple Choice

Complete with the correct form of USED TO.

Where ___________ for a drink, when you lived in New York?

• you used to go

• did you used to go

• you did use to go

• did you use to go

Modals

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Multiple Choice

Which of the following sentences suggests the highest likelihood that the event will happen?

• Leigh could go to the cinema.

• Leigh wants to go to the cinema.

• Leigh will go to the cinema.

• Leigh might go to the cinema.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following sentences suggests the highest certainty?

• I could wash the dishes.

• I might wash the dishes.

• I won't wash the dishes.

• I should wash the dishes.

Multiple Choice

"Laura has a very bad cold; she can't go to work today or she might give everyone her germs."

Which of the following words are used to show modality? (the likelihood something will or won't happen.)

• can't and might

• go and give

• can't and today

• might and everyone

Multiple Choice

"Yasmin ________________ go on holiday."

Which word could you add to suggest that it is likely Yasmin will go on holiday?

• mustn't

• can't

• will

• might

Multiple Choice

Read the passage below:

"Africa is one of the most exciting continents to visit: the wildlife and the landscape are both so beautiful. You must go there before you die."

Which phrase uses modality to suggest that Africa is somewhere you have to visit?

• "both so beautiful"

• "you must go there"

• "one of the most exciting continents"

• "before you die"

Multiple Choice

Read the sentence below:

"Mohammed can't eat breakfast before work because he doesn't have time."

What does the word "can't" suggest? Choose the best fit answer from the options below.

• We don't know if Mohammed will eat breakfast or not.

• Mohammed never eats breakfast

• Mohammed is likely to eat breakfast.

• Mohammed is unlikely to eat breakfast.

Modals and semi-modals

by Gema Anahi Galindo Mendoza.

​Modals and Semi-modals

DEFINITION:

​

​Express ability, possibility, permission, obligation, etc.

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​Modals

​Modals are auxiliary verbs used to express ability, possibility, permission, obligation, etc.

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​Examples:

​

​CAN, COULD, MAY, MIGHT, SHOULD, MUST, SHALL, WILL, WOULD

​Semi-modals

​Semi-modals verbs are composed of two or more separate words ending with "to"

​

​Examples:

​

​HAVE TO, OUGHT TO, NEED TO, BE ABLE TO, USE TO, BE GOING TO

What does each express?

​Could

​Can

​May

​Must

PAST ABILITY, SUGGESTION, FUTURE POSSIBILITY

​ABILITY, REQUEST,

PERMISSION, OFFERS

PERMISSION OR FUTURE POSSIBILITY

NECESSITY OR OBLIGATION

​Ought to

​ADVICE

What does each express?

​Should

​Shall

Will

Would

ADVICE OR UNCERTAIN PREDICTION

OFFER OR SUGGESTION

CERTAIN PREDICTION OR PROMISE

REQUEST, INVITATION OR MAKING ARRANGEMENTS.

​Might

​PRESENT OR FUTURE POSSIBILITY

TIME TO PRACTICE !!

Fill in the Blanks

Multiple Choice

"HAVE TO, OUGHT TO, NEED TO, BE ABLE TO, USE TO, BE GOING TO" belong to:

• Modals

• Semi-modals

Multiple Choice

I was really ____ that I didn't pass my last exam.

• dissapointed

• disappointing

• disappoint

Multiple Choice

I'm reading a very ____ book.

• interested

• interesting

• interest

Multiple Choice

The children were so ____ that they were going to the beach.

• excited

• exciting

• excite

Multiple Choice

The robber was ____ when he saw the police.

• terrified

• terrifying

• terrify

Multiple Choice

He is a very ____ person. He's travelled all over the world.

• interested

• interesting

• interest

Multiple Choice

This is a ____ image of a ghost!

• shocked

• shocking

• shock

Multiple Choice

Teenagers tend to get ____ when speaking in public.

• embarrassed

• embarrassing

• embarrass

Multiple Choice

I was so ____ when I saw her there. She wasn't supposed to be there.

• surprised

• surprising

• surprise

Multiple Choice

I am so ____! I wasn't able to sleep last night!

• tired

• tiring

• tire

Multiple Choice

That car is ____!

• amazed

• amazing

• amaze

Gerunds vs Infinitives

Look at these questions...

• What is your hobby?

• What do you love doing?

• Going to the beach? Playing video games? Hiking (walking)? Singing? Dancing?

Nice! These are all examples of gerunds.

• Now, what if I ask you what you want to do every day?

• Maybe you are learning to draw. Maybe all you want to do is to read comic books. Maybe you are planning to start your own business. Or maybe you will soon decide to travel the world!

• 
  

These are also hobbies, aren’t they? But we used infinitives to describe them.

Explanation:

Gerunds and infinitives are very common in the English language.

They can be used in many situations.

Sometimes you may use an infinitive and a gerund.

Sometimes you have to choose between the two, because using one may be completely wrong.

Does it get confusing? Yes it does!

And knowing the difference between them and using them correctly are essential to speaking English properly, especially in business English settings.

What Is an Infinitive? What Is a Gerund?

An infinitive is the verb form that has “to” at the beginning. For example, “to do,” “to sleep,” “to love” and “to create.”

It is the simplest verb form that you have to modify to fit into sentences.

For example, “She sleeps” no longer contains the infinitive of the verb “to sleep.” Instead, it has been conjugated into the simple present third person form of the verb “to sleep”: sleeps.

Infinitives are easy!

Gerunds

A gerund is a noun made from a verb by adding -ing at the end.

E.g:

Playing tennis is fun

Don't confused it with a continuous form!

E.g:

I was playing tennis

I am watching the news

EXAMPLES

•I LIKE PLAYING FOOTBALL (VERB ING: GERUND) (REPEAT THE ACTION MANY TIMES) 

•I LIKE TO PLAY FOOTBALL ( GENERAL)

Infinitives examples

• It is hard to make dinner this late.

• I came to the office to solve the mystery of the missing keys.

• Ross decided to go home instead.

• Do you need to do your laundry this weekend?

INFINITIVE AND GERUNDS

• Verbs followed by a gerund or infinitive with little to no change in meaning

• Example: It started to rain /  it started raining

​https://www.engvid.com/wp-content/media/Verbs-Followed-by-Gerunds-and-Infinitives.pdf

ACTIVITY

• Select 5 verbs from the list Common verbs followed by a gerund

• Select 5 verbs from the list Common verbs followed by an infinitive

• Select 5 verbs from the list Common verbs followed by both

  Create your own examples with each one of them.

​https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P5_Msrdg3Hk

Open Ended

What would you do in his situation?

Multiple Choice

1-Gerunds and infinitives can replace a noun in a sentence.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

Circle the correct answer:

2- Gerunds can be used after all following verbs except :

• enjoy

• don't mind

• avoid

• would like

Multiple Choice

3-...............is the present participle (-ing) form of the verb, e.g., singing, dancing, running.

• Infinitive

• Gerund

Multiple Choice

4-.............= to + the base form of the verb, e.g., to sing, to dance, to run.

• Gerund

• Infinitive

Multiple Choice

5-I would like.............. (come) to the party with you.

• coming

• to come

Multiple Choice

6-He enjoys .......... (have) a bath in the evening.

• having

• to have

Multiple Choice

7-I am learning............. (speak) English.

• speaking

• to speak

Multiple Choice

Take a deep breath ...

Multiple Choice

8-Do you mind ..........(give) me a hand?

• giving

• to give

Multiple Choice

9-He decided............ (study) biology.

• studying

• to study

Multiple Choice

10-We discussed .............(go) to the cinema, but in the end we stayed at home.

• going

• to go

Multiple Choice

He demanded _____ to the manager

• to speak

• speaking

Multiple Choice

She waited _____ a drink.

• buying

• to buy

Multiple Choice

Admit, suggest, tolerate, try, understand, keep, like, love, miss, need, require, forget, allow, help.

These verbs must be followed by:

• An infinitive

• A gerund

Multiple Choice

Learn, agree, decide, demand, have, hope, refuse, try, ask, wish.

These verbs must be followed by:

• A gerund

• An infinitive

Multiple Select

I offered

• To help

• Helping

• Job Interviews:

  • Situation: Simulate a job interview scenario where you need to describe your qualities and experiences.

  • Examples:

    • "I'm interested in this position because it's very challenging."

    • "I'm excited about the opportunity to work with your team."

    • "I'm experienced in handling customer inquiries."

    • "I'm confident about my ability to meet deadlines."

Gerunds : usage

• As the subject or object of a sentence

• E.g: Running is good for your heart

Gerunds : usage

• After some verbs of like or dislike: like,love, enjoy, hate, can't stand, don't mind

• E.g: I like studying english

• Exception: would like

• E.g: I'd like to study english more.

Gerunds : usage

• After prepositions: in,on,at,for, about,after,before,etc.

• E.g: I am good at writing poems

• E.g: I am interesting in studying science

• Exception: to (if is not a phrasal verb)

• E.g:

• I need to do my homework

• I'm looking forward to meeting you (phrasal verb)

Common verbs followed by a gerund

Some common verbs that are followed by gerund are: avoid, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, love, don’t mind, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, etc.

Negative gerund 

The negative form of the gerund is not + -ing.

He enjoys not having to wake up early at the weekends. 

Common verbs followed by a gerund

Some common verbs that are followed by gerund are: avoid, enjoy, finish, hate, keep, like, love, don’t mind, prefer, recommend, spend time, stop, suggest, etc.

Infinitives

Particle 'to' + base form of the verb

BE CAREFUL! 'to' is not a preposition in this case

E.g:

I want to study english

​Restaurant Review:

• Situation: Write a restaurant review using descriptive adjectives and verbs followed by gerunds or infinitives.

• Examples:

  • "The food was delicious, and the service was outstanding."

  • "The atmosphere was relaxing, and the staff were friendly."

  • "I was disappointed with the portion sizes."

  • "I'm looking forward to trying more dishes next time."

Gerunds vs Infinitives

B2.2

Open Ended

What do you call a bear with no teeth?

Open Ended

I don’t cry when you cut me, but you do. What am I?

Open Ended

I am always in front of you, but you can’t see me. What am I?

Open Ended

What’s tall when it’s young but short when it’s old?

Open Ended

What is orange, wears a green hat, and sounds like a parrot?

To identify WHAT are the RELATIVE PRONOUNS in order to give more information about people or things.

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OBJECTIVE

​WHAT ARE RELATIVE PRONOUNS?

Relative pronouns are words that are used to join to clauses.
The most common are:
who
whom
whose
which
that
Where

We use who in relative clauses to refer to people

The man who was driving the car was my uncle.

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​WHO

• Who/Whom: Used to refer to people. "Who" is a subject, and "whom" is an object.

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The author whom you criticized in your review has written a reply. 

WHOM -WHO

THAT
Can be used to refer to both people and things. It is often used in place of "who" or "which."

The book that I'm reading is very interesting.

Used to refer to a place.

​The store where I bought my shoes is now closed

​WHERE

to indicate possession by people and animals.

​The house, whose roof is red, is for sale.

​WHOSE

to refer to animals and to things.

Spaghetti, which we eat at least twice a week, is one of my family’s favorite meals.

​WHICH

Multiple Choice

My cousin works for a company _________ sells laptops.

• where

• whose

• that

Multiple Choice

Which one refers to people?

• what

• where

• who-whom

• whose