Unit 4 AP Exam Review

Unit 4 AP Exam Review

Types of Countries

Multiple Choice

Which of the following groups represents a nation without a state?

• Kurds

• Israelis

• Turks

• Germans

• Albanians

Multiple Choice

Based on the map, which of the following can be identified as a true statement about Northern Ireland?

• It is united with the rest of the island to form a sovereign nation-state.

• It forms its own sovereign nation-state predominately made up of the Irish ethnic group.

• It is a frontier that is not formally part of a state, but the United Kingdom claims the area.

• It is physically separate from the rest of the United Kingdom, a multinational state.

• It is a stateless nation, as the entire island of Ireland is under the control of the United Kingdom.

Multiple Choice

Historically, Iceland had only one period of human migration. The country has never been invaded and possesses a common culture and language. As a result, Iceland is regarded as a good example of which of the following concepts?

• Absolute monarchy

• Theocracy

• Constitutional monarchy

• Nation-state

• Exclave

Multiple Choice

Which of the following terms best describes the political entity of the Republic of Ireland?

• Stateless nation

• Multinational state

• Nation-state

• Autonomous region

• Dependent territory

Multiple Choice

The Canadian government created the new territory of Nunavut in order to

• re-create the pre-1912 boundary of Quebec

• recognize the territorial rights of indigenous people in the area

• facilitate the exploration of mineral resources in the Northwest Territories

• grant autonomy to the Cree and Mohawk people living in eastern Canada

• guarantee Canadian fishing rights in the Atlantic Ocean

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains the governance of the shaded areas shown on the map?

• These areas are established as nation-states for indigenous peoples at the local scale.

• These areas show territory occupied by indigenous peoples as stateless nations at a local scale.

• These areas show territory controlled by indigenous peoples as a single multistate nation.

• These areas show where indigenous peoples have a limited amount of self-government at a national scale.

• These areas are lands of indigenous peoples that are sovereign independent states at an international scale.

Multiple Choice

Compare the centralized power of the Soviet Union with the contemporary Russian Federation, in terms of the control of territory. Which of the following statements does the information in the map best support?

• Russia is a global power with concentrated power in East Asia.

• Russia is a multistate nation made up of numerous sovereign independent entities.

• Russia’s autonomous regions illustrate a strategy to counter the difficulty in governing such a large area from a single centralized location.

• Russia is an ethnically diverse region with many subnational units.

• Russia used to control fifteen additional republics that regained their independence in 1990.

Multiple Choice

Owing to their localized geography or their locations on islands or peninsulas, many small political entities such as those labeled on the political map of the world can be identified as

• federal states

• autonomous republics

• multistate nations

• nation-states

• colonial territories

Federal vs Unitary States

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes typical characteristics of federal states?

• A centralized government and strong centripetal forces

• A fragmented land area and a single ethnic group

• A small land area and high population density

• A compact shape and a primate city

• A large land area and multiple ethnic groups

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes a unitary form of governance?

• Stronger states and transnational corporations indirectly control weaker states.

• A state has a strong central government with no power given to regions.

• A collection of independent communities shares government services.

• A state’s more powerful central government shares power with its regions.

• A sense of unity, often derived from ethnic or cultural traits, binds a country together.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following describes a federal form of governance?

• A centralized government creates a barrier to local participation in the political process.

• Autonomous regions act outside the authority of a central government.

• Federal states encourage devolutionary movements and break apart quickly.

• Laws are enacted in a single language to promote cultural unity.

• Multiple substates have local control and are unified to pursue common goals at the national level.

Redistricting and Gerrymandering

Multiple Choice

The boundaries of congressional districts of the United States are

• set according to a process developed by the writers of the United States Constitution

• redrawn every ten years

• redrawn whenever a member of Congress feels his or her constituency has changed

• redrawn after every presidential election

• drawn to cross over state boundaries

Multiple Choice

The shape of North Carolina’s Twelfth Congressional District, shown above, is most likely the result of

• watershed boundaries

• gerrymandering

• county boundaries

• decentralization

• amalgamation

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a likely outcome of gerrymandering?

• Splitting areas of majority group voters across a number of legislative representatives' districts

• Packing areas of minority group voters into a single legislative representative’s district

• Disrupting electronic polling machines or the data networks run by elections officials

• Placing a legislative representative’s districts in a row pattern while drawing a new electoral map

• Supporting political party candidates with campaign funds intended to be used in particular geographic areas

Multiple Choice

The examples in the table show states that gained or lost United States House of Representatives districts based on 2010 census data. The states were required to revise district boundaries based on census data.

Using the data in the table and the description, which of the following identifies the scales of analysis that are reflected in this redistricting?

• Member state representation in a supranational legislature

• Local representation in the state legislature

• State representation in the regional legislature

• Local representation in the national legislature

• Local representation in the regional legislature

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the name for political redistricting that produces unusually shaped districts to create a political advantage?

• Gerrymandering

• Redlining

• Zoning

• Politicization

• Gentrification

Multiple Choice

In the United States House of Representatives there are a fixed number of 435 seats divided among the states based upon each state’s relative population size. Changes in the number of representatives, as shown on the map, affect politics at which of the following scales?

• City

• County

• State

• Regional

• National

United Nations Convention Law of the Sea

Multiple Choice

The Philippines and Malaysia lay claim to resources under and around the Spratly Islands. Which of the following best explains how the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) influences claims to the islands by both countries?

• The claims to the Spratly Islands by both the Philippines and Malaysia overlap due to exclusive economic zones up to 200 nautical miles from their coasts.

• The Philippines and Malaysia both claim the islands lie within their territorial seas up to 12 nautical miles from their coasts.

• The claims to the islands by the Philippines and Malaysia overlap due to the median line principle.

• The Philippines and Malaysia both claim ownership to the resources based on a historic possession of the islands.

• The Philippines and Malaysia both claim the islands lie within their contiguous zones between 12 and 24 nautical miles from their coasts.

Multiple Choice

If Greece and Turkey adopted the UNCLOS system and expanded their territorial seas to 12 nautical miles, as shown in Map 2, which of the following scenarios best explains the resulting geographic pattern?

• Greece would be required to guarantee the right of passage for ships transiting from the Dardanelles to the Mediterranean Sea.

• International ships transiting from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea would only be able to sail in Turkey’s coastal waters.

• Black Sea countries like Bulgaria would have to ship goods by land through Europe or Russia to participate in international trade.

• Greece would only guarantee right of passage to ships from other European Union countries due to the open border policy.

• Turkey would be forced to join the European Union in order to participate in international trade and benefit from the open border policy.

Multiple Choice

If Greece and Turkey adopted the UNCLOS system and expanded their territorial seas to 12 nautical miles, as shown in Map 2, which of the following would be true for a Turkish-owned oil tanker sailing into Greek territorial waters?

• The ship and its cargo would be confiscated for violating a United Nations treaty.

• The ship could be sunk by the Greek Navy for entering Greece’s territorial waters.

• The ship would be charged tolls for sailing through Greek canals and internal waterways.

• The ship would be ordered by a Greek naval blockade to turn away as it is considered a threat.

• The ship could be stopped by Greece’s Coast Guard for safety and environmental inspections.

Types of Borders

Multiple Choice

Most of Africa’s political boundaries were originally drawn by

• seventeenth-century European explorers

• European colonial powers in the late-nineteenth century

• the Bandung Conference of 1955

• decolonization movements of the 1950s and 1960s

• UN peacekeeping missions in the 1950s and 1960s

Multiple Choice

The Berlin Conference of 1884–1885 and the partition of India in 1947 changed borders in Africa and South Asia and are reflected in the current world map. Which of the following best describes the type of political border resulting from these events?

• Relict boundaries

• Antecedent boundaries

• Consequent boundaries

• Superimposed boundaries

• Subsequent boundaries

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a superimposed boundary?

• The geometric boundary between the United States and Canada

• The border of the European Union

• The Pyrenees Mountains between France and Spain

• The geometric boundary between Iraq and Saudi Arabia

• The Great Wall of China

Devolution

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains the political pattern shown in the table?

• The devolution of Yugoslavia occurred primarily along national lines, resulting in countries with a defined ethnic majority.

• The breakup of Yugoslavia was the result of a civil war in which ethnic groups fought for control of the capital of Belgrade in Serbia.

• The Balkanization of Yugoslavia resulted in the formation of new ethnic nationalities divided by differences in religion and language.

• The dissolution of Yugoslavia resulted in some ethnic groups being aligned with capitalist Western Europe and others being aligned with communist Eastern Europe.

• The downfall of Yugoslavia was a case of ethnic differences becoming a centripetal force in the formation of a multistate nation.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an accurate comparison of devolutionary movements in Spain and Canada?

• There is an economic aspect to the Quebecois independence movement, while the Catalans focus mainly on culture.

• Both independence movements utilize cultural distinctiveness as their only reason for seeking independence.

• Both independence movements focus on religious differences with the nations they currently belong to.

• There is an economic aspect to the Catalan independence movement, while the Quebecois focus mainly on cultural differences.

• Both independence movements utilize economic power as their main reason for seeking independence.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a shatterbelt region?

• Eastern Europe

• Western Europe

• Siberia

• South America

• Southern Africa

Centrifugal and Centripetal Force

Multiple Choice

Which of the following correctly compares the impact of centripetal forces at the local scale with the impact of centripetal forces at the national scale?

• Centripetal forces may cause uneven development at the local scale but not at the national scale.

• Centripetal forces at both the local scale and the national scale may lead to increased cultural cohesion.

• Centripetal forces may lead to stateless nations at the national scale but not the local scale.

• Centripetal forces may result in nationalism at the local scale but not at the national scale.

• Centripetal forces at both the local scale and the national scale may lead to failed states.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains the effect of French language and culture on the federal state of Canada’s political power?

• French language and culture act as a centripetal force throughout Canada as the majority of Canadians have English as a first language and the government uses both languages in official communications.

• As an expression of political power, the Canadian federal government restricts French language and culture from media and government proceedings.

• French language and culture act as centripetal forces and unify all of Canada’s people and government into a single nation.

• French language and culture act as a centrifugal force in Canada because independence movements in Quebec have attempted to secede the province from Canada.

• Because French Canadians are spread across the country’s provinces, the Canadian government implemented federal laws to create a common culture and language for all Canadians.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following compares the impact of increased global communications technology to the impact of state-controlled media?

• Both global communication technology and state-controlled media act as centripetal forces that present a common message, which is utilized by the government to bind citizens together.

• Neither global communications technology nor state-controlled media have any impact on the viability of a state when it comes to centripetal or centrifugal forces.

• Global communications technology is utilized as a centripetal force to present a common message, whereas state-controlled media may bring in new ideas that act as centrifugal forces.

• Both global communications technology and state-controlled media act as centrifugal forces because they give citizens access to concepts or ideas that may inspire dissent.

• Global communications technology may bring in new ideas that act as centrifugal forces, whereas state-controlled media is utilized as a centripetal force to present a common message.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following can be an example of a centrifugal political force?

• Homogeneous ethnic population

• Strong central government

• Variation of language within the country

• Shift to tertiary economy

• Concentrated ownership of media

Multiple Choice

A good example of a centripetal force in political geography is

• the existence of different language regions

• rugged topography

• religious diversity and conflict

• a primate city

• a poorly developed road network

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains why the region of Catalonia in Spain could be a viable country?

• Catalonia is linguistically distinct compared to other regions in Spain.

• Catalonia is well developed economically compared to other regions in Spain.

• Catalonia's population is ethnically distinct compared to other regions in Spain.

• Catalonia has a large population compared to other regions in Spain.

• Catalonia has a major city, Barcelona, which has a notoriety comparable to that of the Spanish capital, Madrid.

Supranational Organizations

Multiple Choice

 The European Union, the Arab League, and the United Nations are all examples of

• pressure groups

• nation-states

• centrifugal organizations

• supranational organizations

•  federations

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct organizational scale for the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS)?

• Global

• Supranational

• National

• State

• Local

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a supranational organization with the main mission of increasing economic integration?

• The North Atlantic Treaty Organization

• The European Union

• The United Nations

• The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement

• The United States Federal Reserve