Software and Hardware Interaction

SOFTWARE

AND

HARDWARE

THE OBJECTIVE

Upon completion of this lesson, you should
be able to :

● Identify hardware components that affect computer

performance.

● Explain how the Central Processing Unit (CPU) instructions.

● Describe types of computer memory

● Explain how to use system memory

● Explain the purpose of software updates

● Use Windows Update to keep the operating system up to date.

IDENTIFYING HARDWARE

COMPONENTS A COMPUTER

The Operating System interacts with internal hardware
components to perform its computing task.

How efficiently hardware and software complete these tasks is
called Performance.

The System unit is the case that contains a computer’s main
system components, including the processor, memory, and the
computer’s main circuit board, which is called the motherboard.

A circuit board is a thin metal plate or board with an extensive
electronic circuit.

MOTHERBOARD
COMPUTER HARDWARE

MOTHERBOARD
COMPUTER HARDWARE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6UEiQ9vUGWo

Multiple Choice

The System unit is the case that contain a computer’s main system components, including the processor, memory, and the computer’s main circuit board, which is called_______

• Motherboard

• Circuit board

Multiple Choice

______is aa thin metal plate or board with an extensive electronic circuit.

• Motherboard

• Circuit board

Multiple Choice

The main processing device in a computer is the processor, also called the microprocessor, and _______

• Central Processing Unit

• Input

• Processing

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT

• The main processing device in a computer is the processor, also called

the microprocessor, and the Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• A single computer chip contains all the electronic circuitry a

computer needs to process data, making it the most important
hardware component in a computer.

• A chipis a small, thin piece of silicon-containing electronic circuits.

PARTS OF A CPU

• The arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic calculations and

logical operations. The calculation includes addition, subtraction, and
division.

• The control unit coordinates all of the processor’s activities and

manages the flow of information through the processor.

•
The CPU also contains memory cells for temporarily storing data,
including registers, which mainly store the basic data the ALU needs
to perform its calculations and the results of those calculations.

MACHINE CYCLE

1. FETCHING 2. DECODING 3. EXECUTING 4 STORING

Multiple Choice

________perform arithmetic calculations and logical operations. The calculation include addition, subtraction, division.

• Order of Operation

• ALU

• Codes

CLOCK SPEED

● Machine Cycle are measured in

microseconds( millionths of second )

●
nanoseconds (billionths of a second)

● Picoseconds (trillionths of a second) on some large computer.

Note: The fastest your computer processes data.
The speed of the processor directly influences the speed of the
machine cycle and therefore the overall performance of the
computer.

BIT SIZE

CPU clock speed is only one measure of CPU performance, Another
measure is bit size.
(which indicates how many bytes of data the CPU can retrieve from RAM
at once.)

• A byte of data is roughly equivalent to one character such as x.
•

8-bit- 1 bytes at a time.

• 16 bits -2 bytes at a time.
• Modern 32 bit -(4 bytes at once)
• 64 bit- (8 bytes at once)
•

•

A Multi-core processor is a single chip that contains
more than one processor and includes dual-core
processors( two processors on one chip) and quad-core
processors (four Processors on one chip).

•

Multicore processor, the operating system can use
multiprocessing to split tasks among the processors.

•

Multithreading, the operating system handles many
parts, or threads of a single program.

•

A computer with a multicore processor, the operating
system can use Multiprocessing, and multitasking to
improve performance. On a computer with a single-core
processor, the operating system can use only multitasking
and Multithreading.

TYPE OF PROCESSOR

MEMORY

To store data and instructions, the CPU, operating system,
and applications use memory, which consists of chips
inside the system unit.

A computer has two major types of memory:

● Volatile

● Nonvolatile

RAM is the most common type of volatile memory, which
loses its contents when you turn off the power to the
computer.

ROM is an example of nonvolatile memory because it is
permanent; it does not lose its contents when you turn off
the power to the computer.

MEMORY

MEMORY

• RAM is short-term memory, also called main

memory and primary memory.

• Data, information, and instructions from

applications and the operating system are
stored temporarily in RAM, which is usually
several chips on a circuit board called a
memory module that is plugged into the
motherboard.

MEMORY

The amount of RAM in your computer has a significant
effect on performance.

If you have plenty of RAM, the operating system can
manage memory easily and provide RAM as the CPU
and application request it.

If you don’t have enough RAM, the operating system
must move data in and out of RAM frequently which
slows performance.

The Operating System can even spend more time
swapping data between RAM and virtual memory than
running software, a condition called thrashing. A
computer with a thrashing operating system is sluggish
or completely unresponsive.

ROM

• ROM is read-only memory (ROM) which is stored on a single chip

on the motherboard.

• The Operating System retrieves the data or programs stored in

ROM when it needs them. Unlike RAM, however, the operating
system does not regularly write over the content of ROM, which is
type of memory called read-only memory.

• Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM)

is a type of ROM that is nonvolatile but can be modified.

• Flash memory is a type of ROM that can be updated much more

quickly than EEPROM and has largely replaced standard ROM in
current computers, though all are sometimes called ROM.

• Because flash memory is so much faster than ROM or EEPROM, it

is now being used on mobile computers and peripheral devices to
store data such as songs and phone numbers.

• ROM chip stores these instructions permanently, the chip is called

firmware, a hybrid of hardware and software.

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

● You can tell how efficiently a computer is working by tracking its

CPU and RAM usage.

● The lower the usage, the more efficiently the operating system is

performing tasks.

● You can track CPU and RAM usage in Windows by using Task

Manager, which is a tool that advanced Windows users work with
to diagnose computer problems.

Multiple Choice

RAM stands for ?

• Read Access Management

• Random Access Memory

Multiple Choice

ROM Stands for Read only memory.

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

EEPROM is a readable programmable memory that can not be modified.

• True

• False

PERFORMANCE INDICATORS

PERCENTAGE OF CPU AND RAM

PERFORMANCE TAB SHOWING CPU

UNDERSTANDING SYSTEM REQUIREMENT

• 1. On the start screen, Search Word (Microsoft Word) Click to

open.

• Click the Google Chrome/ Internet Explorer
•
• Right Click the taskbar and then click Task Manager

• Click the More Details button to expand the window and show

more information.

• Click the Processes tab to display the processes Windows is

managing.

• Click the Performance tab to display performance information

as a line chart.

• Click Memory in the left pane to graph how the running

processes on the computer are using RAM.

CHECK YOUR

PERFORMANCE

THANK

YOU