Lesson 6- Concluding paragraphs

Lesson 6 Concluding paragraphs

TABLE OF CONTENTS

01

02

03

04

Lesson

Outcomes

Lesson intro

Class

Activities

Reflection

—William Zinsser

“You learn to write by writing”

Lesson outcomes

By the end of this lesson you should be
able to do the following:

•Recognise the different
components of a conclusion

• Identify and understand the
purpose of the different
components of a conclusion

•
Write an essay conclusion

http://youtube.com/watch?v=2UElC_YZ0Eo

In your opinion, what is the purpose of a
concluding paragraph?

Do you think there is link between a
concluding paragraph and an introductory
paragraph of an academic essay?

What is the main difference between these
two types of paragraphs?

INTRODUCTION

Open Ended

In your opinion, what is the purpose of a concluding paragraph?

Open Ended

Do you think there is link between a concluding paragraph and an introductory paragraph of an academic essay?

Open Ended

What is the main difference between these two types of paragraphs?

Class Activity

Class activity 1

Traditional hierarchy business structures improved by IT innovation.
Discuss

Write a concluding paragraph on this topic. This is a group activity/work.
15 minutes.

What is a concluding

paragraph in an
academic essay:

•
A concluding paragraph is the last paragraph in an
academic essay and generally summarises the essay

•
It also presents the main idea (thesis/purpose) of the
essay, or

•
gives an overall solution to a problem or argument
given in the essay

Thus

The purpose in a concluding paragraph is to restate
the thesis, summarise the essay's body, and leave
readers with a final impression. Key aspects to
remember: A strong essay conclusion restates
(paraphrases), not rewrites your thesis from the
introduction.

A concluding

paragraph of an
academic essay
consists of the

following 3
components:

•Restate (not rewrite) the essays thesis or purpose statement:

To remind the reader what the purpose or viewpoint of the essay was. In
other words, what the essay set out to prove or discuss in the
introductory paragraph

•Summary of reasons/main ideas:

To summarise the main ideas and focuses the essay’s discussion in an
effort to support the thesis or purpose statement as indicated in the
introduction of the academic essay. Here you should paraphrase the
roadmap.

•Clincher:

A "clincher" sentence offers a summary and conclusion that is delivered
in powerful language. It is often preceded by several sentences that pull
together the threads of evidence or argument, and then delivers the
knock-out punch as the "clincher." It is meant to grab a reader’s
attention. It could also be in the form of a relevant quote form well-known
or respected figure.

!!!!

Please note that no new information is permitted

in the concluding paragraph.

Picture your concluding
paragraph as a triangle

Summary of reasons

Restatement of the thesis

Clincher

Specific

General

Do you notice the link between the introduction and the conclusion of an
academic essay?

Reflect back on the concluding paragraph you wrote at the start of this
lesson and determine if your paragraph had these elements.

The importance of marketing in a changing environment.
Introduction sample:

While there is a legislation to protect the rights of an individual and to
punish those who violate their rights, discrimination and prejudice based
on race, gender, culture, religious belief, age, nationality, and social and
economic status are still found. In South Africa, discrimination takes a
considerable toll on the lives of many who are involved in the workforce;
the main solution to this problem is making employers aware of the
issue. In this case, two solutions will be discussed where the first will
consider how to implement educational programmes to help
management become aware of discrimination, and the other will show
employers how to facilitate their employees to work together in groups
that cater for diversity.

Conclusion sample:

As a result, the current findings clearly indicate that discrimination is a
relentless struggle faced by many businesses, and any solution to this
problem will take time and patience to remedy. The solutions posed by
this essay to consider managerial awareness and to train a diverse staff
to work together in harmony, could prove to be a virtuous start, but
these solutions will still need to be maintained through constant
guidance. In all, discrimination must go beyond the punishment of those
who prejudicially transgress against the “other’s” rights and views, but
rather we need to ensure that staff in the workplace are constantly
taught how to appreciate everyone’s uniqueness.

In what way is the above essay’s thesis statement different to the
sentence highlighted in the conclusion?

Revisit your own conclusion and review the way in which you restated the
THS.

In what way is the above essay’s thesis statement different to the
sentence highlighted in the conclusion?

Revisit your own conclusion and review the way in which you restated the
THS.

Useful language for restating the thesis or purpose statement

This study has identified…
This paper has argued that…
The current findings clearly indicate that…
Analysis of X has shown that…
The investigation of X has revealed that…
One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that…
The second major finding was that…

The importance of marketing in a changing environment.
Introduction sample:

While there is a legislation to protect the rights of an individual and to
punish those who violate their rights, discrimination and prejudice based
on race, gender, culture, religious belief, age, nationality, and social and
economic status are still found. In South Africa, discrimination takes a
considerable toll on the lives of many who are involved in the workforce;
the main solution to this problem is making employers aware of the issue.
In this case, two solutions will be discussed where the first will consider
how to implement educational programmes to help management
become aware of discrimination, and the other will show employers how
to facilitate their employees to work together in groups that cater for
diversity.

Conclusion sample:

As a result, the current findings clearly indicate that discrimination is a
relentless struggle faced by many businesses, and any solution to this
problem will take time and patience to remedy. The solutions posed by
this essay to consider managerial awareness and to train a diverse staff
to work together in harmony, could prove to be a virtuous start, but
these solutions will still need to be maintained through constant
guidance. In all, discrimination must go beyond the punishment of those
who prejudicially transgress against the “other’s” rights and views, but
rather we need to ensure that staff in the workplace are constantly
taught how to appreciate everyone’s uniqueness.

Academic phrases associated with summarising your reasons/findings:

• This study has identified…
• This paper has argued that…
• The current findings clearly indicate that…
• The investigation of X has revealed that…
• One of the more significant findings to emerge from this study is that…
• The second major finding was that…

Rewrite the summary of reasons section of your conclusion.

Academic phrases associated with a clincher:

• The contribution of this study has been to confirm…
• This is the first study to investigate the effect of…
• The current findings add to a growing body of literature on…
• The present study confirms previous findings regarding…

Class activity 2

The final step is to put your concluding paragraph together. Combine
the three components, restate the THS, summary of reasons and
clincher, and write a complete conclusion. 10 Minutes.

Prepare to read your introductory and concluding paragraphs to the
rest of the class.

Lets reflect

✓ What did you learn in this lesson?

✓ What did you find helpful?

Open Ended

üWhat did you learn in this lesson?

Open Ended

What did you find helpful?

ANY QUESTIONS

THANKS!

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