9.1 Respiratory System

Respiratory System

By Stacy King

• ​9.1 Structures of the Respiratory System

• 9.2 Respiratory Regulation and Physiology

• 9.3 Respiratory Clinical Applications

The function of the Respiratory System

• Oversees gas exchanges between the blood and external environment

• The exchange of gasses takes place within the lungs in the alveoli

• Passageways to the lungs purify, warm, and humidify the incoming air

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Multiple Choice

Exchange of gasses takes place within the

• Lungs and alveoli

• Bronchi

• Trachea

• Throat

• Nose

• ​Pharynx

• ​Larynx

• ​Trachea

• ​Bronchi

• ​Lungs-alveoli

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​Organs of The Respiratory System

The external opening of the respiratory system

• External nares or nostrils

• ​divided by the nasal septum

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​Nose

Multiple Choice

Nasal cavity proper is divided into two halves by the _________

• nasal septum

• limen nasi

• vibrissae

• frontal bone

• Chambers in the nose

  • ​lined in mucous epithelium tissue

  • ​Turbinates (membraneous) and conchae (boney)

    • ​specialized projections that swirl airflow

      • cleanses

      • warms

      • humidifies​

​Nasal Cavity

Multiple Select

The function of turbinates and conchae is? (check all that apply)

• warms

• moistens

• filters

• absorption

Olfactory receptors are located in the mucosa on the superior surface.

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​Nasal Cavity Olfactory Receptors

The nasal cavity is separated from the oral cavity by the palate

• Anterior hard palate (bone)

• Posterior soft palate (muscle)

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​Oral and Nasal Cavity

Multiple Choice

The boney structure on the roof of the mouth

• hard palate

• soft palate

• cuneiform bone

• tonsils

Paired cavities located in facial bones.

They are named after the bone they are located in. Drain into the nasal cavity.

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Function​

• Lightening the weight of the head

  Supporting immune defense of the nasal cavity

  Humidifying inspired air

  Increasing resonance of the voice​

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​Paranasal Sinuses

The muscular passage from the nasal cavity to the larynx

Three regions of the pharynx

Nasopharynx – superior region behind the nasal cavity

Oropharynx – middle region behind mouth

Laryngopharynx – inferior region attached to the larynx

The oropharynx and laryngopharynx are common passageways for air and food

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​Pharynx

Multiple Choice

It serves as passage of both air and food.

• pharynx

• larynx

• epiglottis

• nasal cavity

• Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids) in the nasopharynx

  Palatine tonsils in the oropharynx

  Lingual tonsils at the base of the tongue

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​Tonsils

• Routes air and food into proper channels

  Plays a role in speech

  Made of eight rigid hyaline cartilages and a spoon-shaped flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)

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​Larynx

• Thyroid cartilage

Largest hyaline cartilage

Protrudes anteriorly (Adam’s apple)

• Epiglottis

Superior opening of the larynx

Routes food to the larynx and air toward the trachea

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​Structures of the Larynx

Vocal cords (vocal folds)

Vibrate with expelled air to create sound (speech)

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Glottis – opening between vocal cords

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​Vocal Cords

Connects larynx with bronchi

• Lined with ciliated mucosa

• Walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage​

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​Trachea

Multiple Choice

The anatomical name for the windpipe is the

• glottis

• epiglottis

• trachea

• vocal cords

• Primary bronchi

• Secondary bronchi

• Tertiary bronchi

• Bronchioli

• Terminal bronchioli

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​Respiratory Tree Divisions

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Multiple Choice

Name structure Y.

• Trachea

• Bronchus

• Bronchiole

• Alveolus

• The most minor branch with cartilage

• ​lead to the alveoli (air sacs)

  • Gas exchange ​

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​Terminal Bronchioles

• Left Lung- 2 lobes due to the heart

• ​Right Lung- 3 lobes

Lungs and Lobes

• Pulmonary (visceral) pleura covers the lung surface

  The parietal pleura lines the walls of the thoracic cavity

  Pleural fluid fills the area between layers of pleura to allow gliding

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​Lung Membranes

• Thin squamous epithelial layer lining alveolar walls

  Pulmonary capillaries cover the external surfaces of alveoli

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​Air-Blood Barrier

• Gas crosses the respiratory membrane by diffusion

• Oxygen enters the blood

• Carbon dioxide enters the alveoli

  • CO₂ has a higher affinity than O₂​

Macrophages add protection

Surfactant coats gas-exposed alveolar surfaces

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​Gas Exchange

Multiple Choice

During gas exchange what enters from alveoli to the capillaries?

• CO₂

• CO

• O₂

• nitrogen