Unit 1 - Lesson 3

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PowerPoint
presentation

Unit 101: Introduction to the built environment

Key construction design areas and
changes over time

What defines a traditional build and modern built construction?

Categorize

Options (12)

Slate

Thatched

Lead

Stone

Timber Frame

Cob

Brick

Glass

Plastic

Tiles

Flat roofs

Metal Roofing

Organize these options into the right categories

Traditional Roofing Material

Traditional Wall Material

Modern Roof Materials

Modern Wall Materials

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Traditional buildings

A traditional building is one that was built before 1919 using solid wall
construction methods, usually using locally sourced stone, slate, bricks
or timber.

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Traditional buildings (continued)

Many traditional buildings have a historical and cultural importance to the
community and are of value to the heritage of Wales. The most valuable
of these are often listed buildings.

Llwyn Celyn,
owned by the
Landmark Trust

The Old Market Hall,
Llanidloes, Powys

Yr Hen Gapel,
Llwynrhydown

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Material behind the changes of non-residential buildings

With the development of technology and new materials in construction,
buildings have been able to be upscaled to facilitate larger open-plan
spaces, taller buildings and large glass facades, that would have been
too expensive to be viable prior to the mid-20th century.

A mix of steel and technology
allows the Principality (Millennium)
Stadium roof to open and close.

Meridian Tower, Swansea

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Pre-1919 design and construction
Walls
Local materials were generally used as transportation costs were high.
Hence the use of stone or slate in North Wales and timber in the Borders.

Climate affected construction – houses in the west of Wales were built
lower with very thick walls and smaller windows to keep out wind-driven
rain.

The climate in the east is more mild, which means houses could be taller,
with thinner walls – and oak grows very well in the area so is available for
construction.

Railways and canals appearing with industrialisation saw the introduction of
brick (Wrexham, Welsh Valleys) and ultimately made cavity wall
construction possible.

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Pre-1919 design and construction

Roofs

Roof covers again were
dependent on the local
resources available, with
stone tiles, slate, thatch
and corrugated iron being
the main materials used.

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Earlier designs of public buildings

Traditionally these buildings were built with grand facades and expensive
materials in order to act as a status symbol for the area. They were often
additionally funded by wealthy benefactors.

Cardiff City hall was opened
in October 1906 by Lord
Bute and was built on land
purchased from the
marquess of Bute for
£161,000. It replaced the
fourth town hall that was
found on St Mary’s Street.

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Modern design post mid-20th century

More modern public buildings tend to be less
ornate, with a focus on function over
aesthetics as funding became more
restrictive and local authorities more
accountable.

New private developments tended to be built
in the suburbs as transport infrastructures
improved. These were often built by private
companies for homeowners, rather than by
the council for social housing. This led to a
wider range of construction styles and
materials, which were used to meet the
expectations of private homeowners.
Examples of 1960s and 1970s
house designs

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Factors affecting design and construction

Future design

The buildings of the future will become even more environmentally
friendly as non-renewable natural resources become more limited.
Renewable energy sources will power and heat homes and businesses.
Low carbon materials, such as timber, blended cements, compacted fly
ash blocks and rammed earth walls, may all be used more frequently.

Insulation and the positioning of buildings and windows will play a crucial
part in reducing the carbon footprint of future developments.

An increased use of technology will allow more people to work from
smart homes that monitor and control lighting, heating, communications
and security.

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What will the homes of the future look like?

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Cardiff development plan

What Cardiff will look like:

https://www.walesonline.co.uk/business/business-news/what-cardiff-look-like-10-12311665

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Retail

Traditional retail outlets include:

• Local shops serving the local

community.

• Individual shops selling a variety

of items including clothing,
hardware, meat, vegetables and
furniture.

Modern retail centres:
• Often based out of town with free

parking.

• Everything under one roof.
• Serving a much wider community.

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Offices

Offices were traditionally based within a high street setting and were
accessible to the general public. Modern offices are often based in
business parks or in bespoke office complexes.

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Banks and financial institutions
Banks were traditionally opulent buildings built on the high street,
demonstrating the wealth and success of the company that ran them.
With the decline of the high street and the rise of internet banking many
of these buildings have now been converted into public houses in which
the hardwood and stone interiors can still be enjoyed.

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Leisure

Traditional playing fields are being replaced with multi-pitch football
centres and leisure centres that cater for the whole family. These
centres often include gyms, saunas, swimming pools, and squash and
badminton courts.

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Industrial buildings

Industrial buildings include factories, warehouses and agricultural
buildings.

Normally these are large, open
units that are used flexibly. They
can be large storage spaces or
can be used for the
manufacturing of goods.
Generally they are located away
from town centres and close to
major network routes to enable
the quick transport of goods
around the country or to ports
for international transportation.

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Agricultural

With supermarkets driving the price
of foods, farming has had to change
to meet the needs of their customers.
Agricultural barns or intensive animal
production sheds have replaced
smaller farm units, enabling farmers
to scale-up production and
accommodate more commercial
methods and larger equipment.

Many smaller farms without the
capacity to up-scale have had to
diversify to meet the growing demand
for locally sourced foods.

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Examples of solid wall construction

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Post-1919 construction

Any building constructed after 1919 includes a cavity, this ensures that
the inner leaf remains dry and increases the thermal insulation.

Two examples of early cavity wall construction:

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Modern cavity wall development

There are various modern methods
used to provide a cavity and incorporate
insulate during external wall
construction. Some are shown here.

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Any questions?

Multiple Choice

Traditional building a are classed as

• Post 1919

• Pre 1919

• Post 2000

• Post A.D.

Multiple Choice

Modern shops are based in a retail park because:

• They only serve the local community

• The can be accessed by the wider community

• They are located close to train stations

• They are on bus routes

Multiple Choice

What type of cavity wall is in the picture?

• Clear cavity

• Filled cavity

• Partial cavity

• Solid wall

Multiple Select

Why are modern commercial buildings normally constructed using steel framework and cladding? Select two answers.

• Easily adapted for change of use

• Has the least impact on the environment

• Provides the greatest amount of space available

• Makes the best use of locally sourced building materials

• They do not require fireproofing

Multiple Choice

What makes up a city’s infrastructure

• People

• Roads and Transport

• Recreational areas

• Historical buildings

Multiple Choice

That type of roof is pictured here:

• Slate

• Corrugated

• Thatched

• EDPM

Multiple Choice

Who looks after listed building’s in Wales

• CADW

• Local Council

• National Trust
• Heritage Lottery Fund

Multiple Choice

What type of building is in this picture

• Solid Stone

• Cavity Walled

• Slate Walled

• Timber Framed

Multiple Choice

Modern warehouses are located close to major network routes because:

• The land is unfit for agricultural use.

• These locations allow maximum use of the local workforce.

• These locations have easy access to towns and villages for local deliveries.

• The goods can be transported quickly across the country.

Multiple Choice

What building material was used mostly in the North of Wales to construct roofs

• Tile

• Thatched

• Slate

• Corrugated

Poll

What wall material is your house made of?

• Stone

• Brick

• Metal

• Plastic Cladding

Poll

What roof material is on your house?

• Thatched

• Tile

• Slate

• Corrugated Steel