linkers part 2

Discourse markers of purpose

Discourse markers of purpose, are expressed with: in order to, so as to, since, seing that, so that, in an effort to, with the aim of.

Multiple Choice

Scientists have been exploring the possibility of implanting chips into humans ___ enhance human capabilities.

• in order

• in an effort to

• so as

• so that

Multiple Choice

___ the development of technology is constantly advancing, researchers have been investigating the potential benefit of integrating chips into the human body.

• In order to

• So that

• Since

• So as

• since

• seing that

• so that
  

• in order (not) to

• so as (not) to

• in an effort (not) to
  

"To be" or not "to be"? (are they followed by an infinitive or a clause?)

• since

• seing that

• so that
  Seeing that he was the most qualified, they offered him the job.
  He saved money so that he could travel abroad.

Followed by a clause:

• in order (not) to

• so as (not) to

• in an effort (not) to
  He studied all night in an effort to pass the exam.

  She kept quiet in order not to offend anyone.

​Followed by infinitive:

"To be" or not "to be"? (an infinitive or a clause)

Multiple Choice

New technologies are being developed ___ human physical strength and endurance.

• so as to improve

• so that to improve

• in order that improve

• in order to improving

Multiple Choice

Researchers are exploring brain-computer interfaces ___ to augment human memory.

• so that

• seeing that

• in an effort

• since

Multiple Choice

Scientists are working on genetic enhancements ___ future generations may be healthier and more resilient.

• so that

• so as

• in an effort

• in order that

NB!

Scientists are developing implantable chips so that they could enhance medical diagnoses and treatment options.

we normally also use a modal verb after “so that”+ subject+verb to express purpose.

Multiple Choice

NB! We use ___ after “with the aim of” to express purpose:
e.g. Neuralink is a company, founded by Elon Musk, with the aim of ___ the gap between humans and machines.

• bare infinitive, bridge

• gerund, bridging

• full infinitive, to bridge

Discourse markers of result

discourse markers of result are expressed with: so that, that’s why, as a result, for this reason, therefore, thus, hence, consequently.

Multiple Choice

Implant and chips into humans has become a reality, ___ now we are witnessing a significant shift in the field of technology and healthcare.

• so

• so as

“Therefore”and “thus”

A comma should be placed after the discourse marker when it appears at the beginning and middle of a sentence.

When "therefore" or "thus" is used as an adverb within a sentence, it may not require a comma if it directly follows the subject or verb and isn't creating a separate clause.

Multiple Choice

He was well-prepared and ___ succeeded.

• thus

• thus,

Multiple Choice

Extensive research in neurology has paved the way for embedding chips into the brain; ___ offering help for individuals with spinal cord injuries.

• therefore

• therefore,

Multiple Choice

If you hear/see the word "hence" in a sentence, does formal or informal?

• sounds formal

• sounds informal

• what's "hence"?

Hence is very formal and is mostly used in academic fields.

Hence, the medical community is actively researching and developing stringent regulations to ensure the safe and responsible use of implanted chips in humans.