Write to the Point Chapter 12

Write to the Point
Chapter 12

仮定
条件の応用
Hypotheticals (unreal conditions)

Open Ended

How are you? Any questions?

1) もし～がなければ、SVなのに

もし～がなければ、SVなのに

If it were not for ~, S would/could/might V.

If it were not for ~, S would/could/might V.

If it were not for water, humans could not survive.

If it were not for ~, S would/could/might V.

定型表現。for を書き忘れないように注意。

If it were not for water, humans could not survive.

・のitは「状況のit」とよばれるもので、「主節の逆の事実」を表す。
it = imagined situation where there is no water
・またforは「理由」を表す。

If it were not for water, humans could not survive.

・仮定法過去完了の場合には
if it had not been for ～となる。

「もし（過去に）～がなかったならば」は
if it had not been for ～となる。

Let's Practice

I think the internet is _____, because _____.

Candy's example:

I think the internet is fun, because I can watch a lot of cat videos.

I think the internet is _____, because _____.

​If it were not for the internet, S would / could / might V .

Candy's example:

If it were not for the internet, I could not watch a lot of cat videos.

If it were not for the internet, S would/could/might ______.

If it were not for ~, S would/could/might V.

If it were not for ______, S would/could/might _______.

Open Ended

If it were not for _____, _____ would / could / might _____.

「もし～がなければ」は仮定法過去・仮定法過去完了いずれの場合にもwithoutが使える。

Without your help, I would be in trouble.

(If it were not for your help, I would be in trouble.)

1) If it were not for ～
- Were it not for ～

​もし～がなければ

2) If it had not been for ～
- Had it not been for ～

(If it had not been for the Shinkansen, I would not have arrived in Tokyo on time.)

​もし～がなければ　ー　仮定法過去完了

3) Without ～

​もし～がなければ

Other Expressions

「もし～があれば」

「もし～があれば」:定型表現がないので、文脈に応じて考える。

With your help [If you helped me], I could fulfill my dreams.

1) If it were not for ～
- Were it not for ～
2) If it had not been for ～
- Had it not been for ～
3) Without ～

​With ______, S would/could/might V.


With a lot of time, I could travel the world.

​With ______, S would/could/might V.


With a lot of time, I could ___________.

Open Ended

With a lot of _____, I could/would/might __________.

2) ～ならばいいのに

～ならばいいのに　S wish S' + 過去形

I often wish my room were a little larger.

・未来についての願望を述べる場合は（S wish S' would V'.) とする。

・現実と相反する願望に対しては、want や hope は使えない。

・現実と相反する願望に対しては、want や hope は使えない。

I wish I had a time machine.

～ならばいいのに
​S wish S' + 過去形

I wish my stomach were bigger.

～ならばいいのに
​S wish S' + 過去形

I wish S' __________.

I wish ______

​～ならばいいのに　S wish S' + 過去形

Open Ended

I wish _______

3) まるで～のように

「まるで～のように」as if S' V'

John talks as if he knew [knows] everything about me.

「まるで～のように」as if S' V'

as if は (act / behave / feel / look / talk + as if～)　でよく使う。

「まるで～のように」as if S' V'

「まるで～のように」as if S' V'

My dog stares at my dinner as if he hasn't eaten in days.

My cat looks at my dinner as if it belongs to her.

「まるで～のように」as if S' V'
The dog _____ as if S' V'

Open Ended

「まるで～のように」as if S' V'

Let's Review

Multiple Choice

If it _______ rain, crops would not grow.

• were not

• were not for

• had not been

• None of the above

Multiple Choice

He acts as if he _____ the boss of everyone here.

• were

• is

• All of the above

Multiple Select

I wish you ______ more photos on our trip.

• take

• took

• didn't take

• had taken

Exercises A

1) If it had been not for your advice, I would have lost a lot of money.

1) If it had been not for your advice, I would have lost a lot of money.

1) If it had not been for your advice, I would have lost a lot of money.

1) If it had not been for your advice, I would have lost a lot of money.

​「助動詞 + be 動詞の否定形」は、助動詞の直後に not を置くこと。

If it had not been for _____('s) advice, I would have ________.

2) If it were for a time machine, I could travel freely in time.

2) If it were for a time machine, I could travel freely in time.

2) With a time machine, I could travel freely in time.


If I had a time machine, I could travel freely in time.

2) With a time machine, I could travel freely in time.

[～がなければ」if it were not for ～ / if it had not been for ～に対応する、「～があれば」に定型表現は存在しない。適宜、意味を考えて文を作る。

2) With a time machine, I could travel to ____________.

Please choose what century you would like to travel to. 5th century, 13th century, 19th century, etc.

Open Ended

With a time machine, I would travel to _________ because _________.

3) I wish something wonderful will happen to me.

3) I wish something wonderful will happen to me.

3) I wish something wonderful would happen to me.


I wish something wonderful could happen to me.

3) I wish something wonderful would happen to me.

• I wish の後ろは常に仮定法が適用される。

• 未来のことに関する願望は、話者・筆者が「起こりうる」と考えている場合、S hope (that) S' will V'. としてもよい。

4) I hope that there are twenty-five hours in a day.

4) I wish there were twenty-five hours in a day.

4) I hope that there are twenty-five hours in a day.

I wish there were twenty-five hours in a day.

hopeは現実可能な事柄に対して用いる。

5) At that time, I felt as if someone had been watching me.

5) At that time, I felt as if someone had been watching me.

5) At that time, I felt as if someone were [was] watching me.

wishや SV as if を用いた文では主節の動詞の「時」を基準として：
１）その時点のことを言うなら仮定法過去
２）それより以前のことをいうなら、仮定法過去完了を用いる。

Discussion/Writing

Choose one of the inventions below and talk about what our lives would be like if it hadn't been invented.

Cars
Telephone
Lights
Airplanes

Exercises A-2

1) 若いときに楽器を1つ習っておけばよかったと思う.

1) I wish I had learned to play a musical instrument when I was young.

1) I regret that I did not learn how to play a musical instrument when I was younger.

What musical instrument do you play? Is there an instrument you wish you had learned when you were younger?

Open Ended

What musical instrument do you play?

2) 私もあなたくらい車の運転が上手だといいのですが.

2) When someone criticizes your opinions, you get upset, you feel as if you have been personally attacked.

2) I wish I were [was] as good a driver as you are.

3) スマートフォンはたくさんの機能があってとても便利だが，家に置いてきてしまったら，その日一日まるで何もできない気がする。

Open Ended

3) スマートフォンはたくさんの機能があってとても便利だが，家に置いてきてしまったら，その日一日まるで何もできない気がする。

3) Smartphones are very useful because they have so many functions.

3) Smartphones, which have so many functions, are very useful.

3) (後半) ..., so I feel as if I would not be able to do anything all day if I left mine at home.

3) スマートフォンはたくさんの機能があってとても便利だが，...

Very handy
Very convenient

4) もし音楽がなかったら，私たちの人生は味気ないものになるだろう。

4) もし音楽がなかったら，私たちの人生は味気ないものになるだろう。

味気ないもの

boring not enjoyable
monotonous not meaningful
dull
uninteresting

4) If it were not for music, our lives would be boring.

4) Without music, we would find our lives boring.

5) その子供たちはあたかも何事もなかったように遊び続けた。

5) The children kept on playing as if nothing had happened.

5) その子供たちはあたかも何事もなかったように遊び続けた。

continued to play
continued playing

keep (V) ing葉、「何度も～する」の意味になることも多いので、誤解を避けるためには keep on (V)ing のほうが無難。