IA Study Session 4

IA Study Session 4

Arthrology

What you need to know:
- Joint Capsule : SURROUNDS the Joint Cavity and RETAINS the Synovial Fluid.
- Fibrous Capsule : The OUTER/EXTERNAL component.
- Synovial Membrane : the INNER/INTERNAL component
- Synovial Fluid : The fluid that acts as a LUBRICANT; Offers NUTRIENTS to articular cartilage ; Remove the WASTE



- Joint Cavity : Narrow SPACE
- Articular Cartilage : Covers the FACING SURFACES of bones
- Reduces BONE on BONE grinding
- Hyaline Cartilage

-Articular Disc: Cushion PAD across ENTIRE joint cavity.
- Fibrocartilage

- Menisci : Articular Discs that do NOT cross ENTIRELY across.
- Fibrocartilage

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General Anatomy of Synovial Joints

What you need to know:

- Tendons : Attaches a MUSCLE to BONE.
- Ligaments : Attaches BONE to BONE.
- Bursae : Sac filled with SYNOVIAL fluid; Helps tendons SLIDE more EASILY over JOINTS.

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Accessory Structures

Multiple Choice

Which of the following letters represents the synovial membrane in a joint capsule?

• A

• E

• B

• C

Multiple Choice

Which of the following letters represents the joint cavity in a joint capsule?

• B

• A

• E

• C

Multiple Select

Which of the following letter(s) represents the joint capsule?

• C

• D

• F

• E

Multiple Choice

A patient comes in complaining about joint pain. After further testing, it was revealed that they were developing osteoarthritis. This is a degenerative joint disease that involves bone on bone grinding. What component of a joint would most likely be affected?

• Synovial fluid

• Synovial Membrane

• Fibrous Capsule

• Articular Cartilage

Multiple Choice

A patient comes in with severe pain in their anterior arm compartment. Further testing reveals the individual has suffered an biceps brachii detachment. What accessory structure is most likely torn?

• Ligament

• Bursae

• Tendon

• Muscle

What you need to know:
- Name
- Joint Motion

​- Know these examples

Six classification of synovial joints

Multiple Choice

The elbow joint when flexed moves only within one plane, the sagittal plane. Which type of synovial joint could it be?

• Saddle

• Hinge

• Ball-n-Socket

• Condylar

Multiple Choice

The first carpometacarpal joint is classified as a saddle joint. what class of joint would this fall under?

• Monoaxial

• Multiaxial

• Biaxial

• Triaxial

​What you need to know:
1) NAME/ID the joint
2) CLASSIFY the joint
3) ID the joint component
4) Name the MAJOR/BROAD classification
- Not very common but still seen.

Lab Arthrology Recap

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Ch. 10 Muscle Cells

• Most of these terms are in skeletal muscle cells.

What you need to know: Largest to Smallest
- Muscle : Composed of fascicles
- Fascicle : Bundle of myofibers;
- Enclosed in fibrous perimysium
- Myofiber : A single muscle cell; densely packed bundle of myofibrils.
- Myofibril : Bundle of proteins.
- Fill MOST of the sarcoplasm.
-Sarcomere : a SEGMENT of myofibril; Functional contractile subunit.
- Z disc to Z disc
- Myofilaments will SLIDE over each other.

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Structural Hierarchy

Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers indicates the myofiber?

• 3

• 4

• 5

• 3

Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers indicates the muscle ?

• 1

• 3

• 2

• 4

Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers indicates the fascicle?

• 1

• 4

• 7

• 5

What you need to know:
- Sarcolemma : the plasma membrane
- T-Tubules : Carries electrical signals from cell surface to SR.
- Sarcoplasmic Reticulum: the endoplasmic reticulum.
- Stores calcium; released upon electrical signal.
- Sarcoplasm : the cytoplasm
- the space that holds organelles.
- Myofibrils : the contractile units within the cell.
- calcium attach; stimulates sarcomeres.

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Ultrastructures of Muscle Fibers

Multiple Choice

Which of the following letters indicates the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

• E

• D

• C

• A

Multiple Choice

Which of the following letters indicates the T-tubule?

• D

• F

• E

• A

Multiple Choice

Which of the following letters indicates the sarcoplasm?

• F

• A

• D

• C

What you need to know:
- Axon Terminal : Nerve ending swelling
- Synaptic Vesicle - Filled with acetylcholine
- Acetylcholine : chemical neurotransmitter
- Synaptic Cleft : Narrow space between nerve and muscle.
- Post Synaptic Membrane folds - Increase surface area.
- Acetylcholinesterase - Enzyme that breaks DOWN acetylcholine.

Neuromuscular Junction

Multiple Choice

What is the chemical neurotransmitter that is secreted in the synaptic cleft?

• Acetylcholine

• Epinephrine

• Dopamin

• Seratonin

What you need to know:
- Sarcomere : Segment of Myofibril; Functional contractile subunit.
- Myofilament
- Thick Myofilament : is MYOSIN; Contractile proteins.
- Thin Myofilament : is ACTIN; Contractile proteins.
- Tropomyosin: WRAPS around the ACTIN; Myosin CANT access when RELAXED.
- Regulatory protein
- Troponin; NEEDS to be UNLOCKED by CALCIUM; "Unlocks"/reveals actin by REMOVING tropomyosin
- Regulatory proteins.

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Sarcomere

What you need to know: Identify
- A band : Length of a thick myofilament.
- H zone : Central region of A band; lack of thin myofilament.
- M line : Midline of A band; Anchors thick myofilament.

- I band : Stripe of thin myofilament only.
- Z disc : Midline of I band; Defines the boundary of sarcomere.
​- Elastic filament (Titin) : Anchors thick filament; Z disc to M line)

Sarcomere

Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers indicates the I band

• 2

• 4

• 1

• 10

Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers indicates the the M line?

• 1

• 2

• 8

• 4

Multiple Choice

Which of the following numbers indicates the titin?

• 6

• 9

• 1

• 2