IR 11/1?

The Scientific Revolution &
Enlightenment ideas of the 17th & 18th
centuries led to…

● The Age of Reason!
● Greater knowledge of the world
● Weakened superstition & tradition (religion!)
● Encouraged learning & the search for better &

newer ways of doing things

Since the cottage industry could not keep up

with demand, the factory system was

developed!

Background of the Industrial Revolution...

Mercantilism: European countries
used the raw materials (from their
colonies and the slave trade) to make
manufactured goods and resold them
to their colonies at a higher profit

● Demand for finished products rose,

and cottage industries weren’t
enough anymore
○

Power-driven machines invented

○

Businesses use them to increase
efficiency

The Industrial Revolution had begun,

and it started in England

The Industrial Revolution: 1760

Mercantilism: European
countries (mother country)
used the raw materials
(from their colonies) to
make manufactured goods
and resold them to their
colonies

The need for resources and
raw materials from Europe
increased imperialism in
Asia and Africa

What does imperialism mean?

Rise of the Machines

1. Coal and Iron deposits(natural

resources)

a.

Coal powered the factories

b.

Iron was used to make the factories

2. Laissez-faire economics

a.

The government let businesses do
whatever they wanted as long as they
made a profit (few regulations)

3. Scientific Revolution

a.

To be more efficient, businesses used
science to create new technology

4. Government Policies

a.

The English government was willing to
invest in businesses and protect them
with their army and navy

5. Mercantilism

a.

Many natural resources (colonies)

b.

Many markets to sell to (colonies)

But Why Did it Start in

England?

All Hail Britain!

● By 1815, England was producing

more coal, iron, and textiles than all
of Europe combined

○ Its nickname became the

‘Workshop of the World’

○ This all meant more money for

the country and its people

● Capitalism

■ Things are bought and sold

by people or an individual,
not by a government or
community
●You go to the mall and buy
your own clothes, the
government of NC doesn’t
go and buy them for you

Spreading to the Rest of the

World
After England, the Industrial Revolution spread to
the rest of the Europe, and then eventually the
world
● The Industrial Revolution globalized the world

○ Colonialism gave Europe resources and markets to sell

in

○ Europe made trade cheaper so they could make more

money

The Industrial Revolution was the

main cause for Imperialism -
stronger countries taking over

weaker countries

2nd Industrial Revolution:

1870-1960

During the early Industrial Revolution, inventions such
as the steam engine were generally the work of gifted
tinkerers. They experimented with simple machines
to make them better.

By the 1880’s, the pace of change quickened as
companies hired professional chemists & engineers

to

create new products & machinery. The union of
science, technology, & industry
spurred economic
growth.

Electric Power Replaced Steam in the

2ndIR

In the late 1800s, a new power
source--- electricity ---replaced steam as the dominant
source of industrial power.
❖ 1800 Italian scientist Alessandro

Volta developed the first battery

➢

English Chemist Michael Faraday
created the first simple electric motor &
the first dynamo, a machine that
generates electricity .

➢

Today, all electrical generators &
transformers work on the principle of
Faraday’s dynamo.

➢

1870s American inventor Thomas Edison
makes the first electric light bulb.

➢

Soon, Edison’s “incandescent lamps”
illuminated whole cities.

Dynamo

New Methods of Production

●

Workers on an assembly line add parts to a product
that moves along a belt from one workstation to the
next.

●

A different person performs each task along the
assembly line.

●

This division of labor in an assembly line, like
interchangeable parts, made production faster &
cheaper, lowering the price of goods

.

●

Factories still used large numbers of

workers &

power-driven machines to mass-produce goods.

●

To improve efficiency, manufactures designed
products with interchangeable parts – identical
components that could be used in place of one
another .

●

Interchangeable parts simplified both the
assembly & repair of products .

New Methods of Production

These new methods of production only
increased the need for labor reforms and labor
unions.

These new methods made work in the factory
much more efficient, but made it very
dangerous for workers in the factory.

The leaders of the factories forced workers to
work all day long every single day- they
wanted more money!

New Methods of Production

People had to form labor unions to
protect themselves and their rights.
Labor reforms - or laws to protect
workers at their job- were created
because of these unions.
However, many of the laws passed did
not fix any of the real problems- the
leaders of the factories had too much
money and power.

-Automakers such
as Nikolaus Otto,
Karl Benz, & Gottlieb
Daimler changed the
way people traveled
by using gasoline to
power internal
engines.

-Henry Ford used the
assembly line to
mass-produce cars
& make them
affordable.

Transportation Changes

The Transportation Revolution

that began with 1st railroad
continued as transcontinental
railroads linked cities
together.

•Orville and Wilbur Wright flew the first airplane at Kitty Hawk, North
Carolina

Here Comes the Airplane!

The first airplane flew in Kitty Hawk, NC! In 1903,
but passenger travel did not begin until the
1920’s.

Impact & Effects

of the

Industrial Revolutions

Overall, people of the Industrial

Revolution witnessed the

development of new

technologies!

The effects of industrialization were both positive &
negative.

➢

People worked very long hours in dangerous factories.

➢

But new goods became widely available at low prices,
because they were more available.

Impact of Industrial Revolution

Patterns of world
trade changed.

Western powers grew to dominate the
world.

A labor union is a group of employees
that work together to improve their
working conditions, benefits, and
wages.
But what does all that mean?

Labor reforms are the changes that
come from a labor movement, like a
union

Labor Union During the IR

➢ People working long, hard hours in

factories caused a need for labor reform
and labor unions.

➢ However, the labor laws that were passed

did not solve all the workers rights
problems . These problems would continue
for a centu ry.

One long-term effect of the Industrial Revolution was the

development of labor unions and labor reforms

Impact of Industrial Revolution

Labor Laws and
Reforms
No change:(

Though the Industrial Revolution began in
England, it quickly spread to other
countries including the US.
● With the need for more factory workers,

many people emigrated to the US
What does emigration mean?
○

Many came for better pay (Germans & the
French), but others fled from famine (Ireland), or
religious persecution ( Jews from Europe)

● There were only TWO types of jobs many of

these migrants could find
○ Factory jobs (like in The Jungle)
○ Joining the US military

● Many of these new peoples also faced

persecution once getting to the US.

Impact of Industrial Revolution