RFMS Science: Fall Benchmark Review/Preview 24

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Pressure Belts & Convection

• Air travels in many large, circular patterns called convection cells.

• Reminder: in convection, warm air/water rises & cool air/water sinks!

• Convection cells are separated by pressure belts (also called global winds), which are bands of high pressure and low pressure found at every 30º of latitude.

• Sinking air causes areas of high pressure because sinking air presses down on the air beneath it.

Multiple Choice

What is the source of energy that heats our planet's atmosphere and oceans?

• the weather

• the wind

• the Sun

• the Earth's core

Multiple Choice

Why does the Earth experience unequal heating?

• The oceans are not equally distributed around the Earth.

• The Earth's revolution brings it closer to the Sun at certain points during the year.

• The Earth's axis is tilted.

• The atmosphere is not equally distributed around the Earth.

Pressure Belts & Convection

Coriolis Effect & Convection

• Coriolis Effect - The Earth's rotation causes wind and surface currents to move in curved paths rather than in straight lines.

• Because of the Coriolis Effect in the Northern hemisphere, winds traveling north curve to the east, and winds traveling south curve to the west.

Multiple Choice

What is the curved pattern that results when something moves across a spinning object known as?

• Trade winds

• Polar vortex

• Coriolis effect

• Ocean gyres

Multiple Choice

What is the initial source for global winds and convection in the atmosphere?

• heat from the Earth's core

• the rotation of the Earth

• Moon's gravity

• unequal heating of the Earth by the sun

Multiple Choice

Winds occur because hot air rises and cool air sinks in a process called...

• conduction

• convection

• radiation

• magnetism

Multiple Choice

What causes wind?

• Too much Taco Bell

• Differences in elevation

• The uneven heating of the Earth by the sun

• Ocean currents

Multiple Choice

What causes the Coriolis Effect?

• Rotation of the Earth

• Rotation of the Moon

• Earth tilt

• Rotation of the Sun

Whenever work is done, energy is transformed or transferred to another system.

• Energy is the ability to do work.​

Energy and Work

Multiple Choice

True or False: Only things that are moving have energy.

• True

• False

Energy and Work

• Energy can be present in an object or a system when no​thing is happening.

• Once an object moves in the direction of the force being applied, we can observe work being done as energy is transferred ​from one object to another.

Poll

This will ONLY be seen by me. You are NOT snitching, I promise. Please select the answer below to tell how your class is acting for the guest teacher. TELL THE TRUTH :) After you answer this question, keep going! You're doing great :)

• Not great. I don't think you would be happy with us.

• Doing OK. Overall, we're good.

• Really good! Very little disruptions & everyone seems to be on task!

Types of Energy

​Mechanical	​Potential	Kinetic
Chemical	Thermal	Sound
Electrical	​Electromagnetic	Radiant
	Elastic

​Each of these forms of energy can be converted into other forms of energy.

definition: the energy associated with the motion or position of an object.

• this is the sum (total amount) of potential and kinetic energy in a system.

  • Kinetic energy: the energy of motion

  • Potential Energy: the energy that is stored in an object (energy of position)

Mechanical Energy

definition: the energy in an object as it stretches and retracts
examples: jumping on a trampoline, releasing a bow and arrow, stretching a ponytail holder to pull back your hair

Elastic Potential Energy

definition: energy that results from the flow of electrons

• electric charges can exert forces that do work​

Electrical Energy

definition: the energy stored in chemical bonds

• when bonds are broken the released energy can do work​

• can be found in chemical reactions, batteries, and in your stomach as you eat food

Chemical Energy

definition: total energy of particles that make up an object, and it is also called heat energy

Heat can be transferred in three ways:
conduction
convection
radiation

​

Thermal Energy

definition: energy that moves through a substance such as air or water

• this is caused by vibrations (periodic back-and-forth motion).

• Solids, liquids and gases can transmit sounds as waves.

​

Sound Energy

definition: energy that travels through space in the form of waves (also called radiant energy)

• visible light and x-rays are examples of electromagnetic energy​

Electromagnetic Energy

This is the process of changing energy from one form to another

Energy Conversions

​Chemical

Energy​

​Mechanical

Energy​

​Kinetic

Energy​

States that energy cannot be created nor destroyed, it can only be changed (transferred).

• energy can be transferred to another object/system or into another form

  • example:

    • a roller coaster

      • at the top of the coaster you have potential energy but when you drop it turns to kinetic energy

Law of Conservation of Energy

Multiple Choice

What energy transformations take place when a battery-operated radio is in use?

• Electrical to chemical to light
• Sound to chemical to mechanical
• Chemical to electrical to sound
• Light to electrical to thermal

Multiple Choice

According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, energy cannot be _________ or ____________. 

• destroyed, destroyed
• created, saved
• created, destroyed
• lost, found

Multiple Choice

Gravitational potential energy depends on the ________ and ________ of the object. 

• Height and mass
• Friction and movement
• Mass and Movement
• Height and Friction 

Multiple Choice

The roller coaster cart has the most gravitational potential energy at position-

• W
• X
• Y
• Z

Match

Match the following

Sound Energy

Thermal Energy

Chemical Potential

Energy

Mechanical Energy

Elastic Potential Energy

• Sound Energy

• Thermal Energy

• Chemical Potential

  Energy

• Mechanical Energy

• Elastic Potential Energy

• Mass is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. In Science, it is typically measured in kilograms (kg).

• The speed of an object is the distance the object travels in a unit of time. In Science, it is typically measured in meters per second (m/s).

• Kinetic energy is measured in joules (J).

• Velocity is another word for speed.

• If the mass of an object is doubled, the kinetic energy will also double. However, if the speed of an object doubles, the kinetic energy will more than double. If the speed doubles, the kinetic energy will increase four times. If the speed triples, the kinetic energy will increase to nine times its initial value.

Dropdown

​

Select answer

is a measure of the amount of matter in an object. In Science, it is typically measured in ​

Select answer

(kg). The ​

Select answer

of an object is the distance the object travels in a unit of time. In Science, it is typically measured in ​

Select answer

(m/s). Kinetic energy is measured in ​

Select answer

(J).

Multiple Choice

You have two objects. Object A is 20 kg, and Object B is 50 kg. Object B will have more KE. Why?

• Object A has more mass than Object B.

• Object B has more mass than Object A.

• Object B has less mass than Object A.

• Object A and Object B have the same amount of mass.

Multiple Choice

You have two objects. Object A is moving at 3 m/s, and Object B is moving at 10 m/s. Object B will have more KE. Why?

• Object B has more speed than Object A.

• Object A and Object B have the same amount of speed.

• Object B has less speed than Object A.

• Object B has more mass than Object A.

Multiple Choice

Increasing an object's mass will increase its kinetic energy.

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

What is the relationship between potential energy and kinetic energy?

• More PE = Less KE

• More PE = More KE

• Less PE = More KE

Multiple Choice

What is the relationship between speed and kinetic energy?

• More speed = Less KE

• Less speed = More KE

• More speed = More KE

Multiple Choice

What is the relationship between mass and kinetic energy?

• More mass = More KE

• More mass = Less KE

• Less mass = More KE

Electrical Energy Impact:

• Electricity is the constant flow of electrons.

• There are two types of electricity: static and current.

• Static: an electric charge that collects or builds up on the surface of an object. Some examples are being shocked from a trampoline and lightning.

• Current: the flow of electric charges carried through a material such as a wire or other conductors. Some examples are power lines, computers, and appliances.

• An electrical conductor is a material in which charges CAN move easily. Most metals are good conductors because some of their electrons are free to move around. Conductors are used to make wires. Examples of good electrical conductors: metal, copper, and silver

• An electrical insulator is a material in which charges CANNOT move easily. Insulators do not conduct charges very well because their electrons cannot flow freely. The electrons are held tightly inside an insulator. Examples of good electrical insulators: rubber, glass, and wood

• Thermal energy can also be impacted by conductors and insulators.

• Heat can travel easier through thermal conductors, because these conductors allow the heat to travel throughout the object easily due to molecules freely moving. Examples of thermal conductors: metal, thermos, ceramic dish

• Heat does not travel as easily through thermal insulators, because these insulators do not allow the heat to travel easily due to the molecules being tightly compacted. Examples of thermal insulators: oven mitt, fleece/cotton jacket, Styrofoam cup

• Glass has the ability to be a thermal conductor or thermal insulator, depending on the temperature of the glass and the environment the glass in (example: glass baking dish in oven conducts heat, but as the glass cools, it insulates and keeps the food warm)

Multiple Choice

What is the difference between a conductor and an insulator?

• An insulator allows electricity/heat to flow through it easily and a conductor does not

• A conductor allows electricity/heat to flow through it easily and an insulator does not.

• An insulator is magnetic and a conductor is not

• A conductor is magnetic and an insulator is not

Multiple Choice

In a thermal or electrical insulator...

• molecules/electrons are loose, allowing heat/electricity to travel easily and produce heat/electricity.

• molecules/electrons are tightly packed, not allowing heat/electricity to travel easily and not producing heat/electricity well.

Multiple Choice

In a thermal or electrical conductor...

• molecules/electrons are loose, allowing heat/electricity to travel easily and produce heat/electricity.

• molecules/electrons are tightly packed, not allowing heat/electricity to travel easily and not producing heat/electricity well.

Multiple Choice

How does a conductor impact electrical or thermal energy transfer?

• Conductors allow energy to flow successfully, so the object being powered by electricity would function. If it was a thermal energy transfer, the heat would be able to move freely.

• Conductors do not allow energy to flow successfully, so the object being powered by electricity would not function. If it was a thermal energy transfer, the heat would not be able to move freely.

• Insulators allow energy to flow successfully, so the object being powered by electricity would function. If it was a thermal energy transfer, the heat would be able to move freely.

• Conductors do not have an impact on electrical or thermal energy transfer.

Multiple Choice

How does an insulator impact electrical or thermal energy transfer?

• Conductors allow energy to flow successfully, so the object being powered by electricity would function. If it was a thermal energy transfer, the heat would be able to move freely.

• Conductors do not allow energy to flow successfully, so the object being powered by electricity would not function. If it was a thermal energy transfer, the heat would not be able to move freely.

• Insulators allow energy to flow successfully, so the object being powered by electricity would function. If it was a thermal energy transfer, the heat would be able to move freely.

• Insulators do not have an impact on electrical or thermal energy transfer.

Thermal energy

Thermal Energy → sum of the kinetic and potential energy of all the particles in an object; thermal energy of an object increases as temperature increases

Heat → thermal energy that flows from something at a higher temperature to something at a lower temperature

Thermal energy

• Conduction → Transfer of thermal energy by collisions between particles in matter.

• Radiation → Transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. Occurs in gases only.

• Convection → Transfer of thermal energy in a fluid by the movement of warmer and cooler fluid from place to place. Occurs in liquids & gases.

Multiple Choice

This type of thermal energy transfer can take place in solids, liquids, & gases when two objects are touching.

• conduction

• radiation

• convection

Multiple Choice

This type of thermal energy transfer can take place in fluids (liquids & gases). Rising of warmer fluid and sinking of cooler fluid forms a current.

• conduction

• radiation

• convection

Multiple Choice

This type of thermal energy transfer can take place in gases only and can travel through open space.

• conduction

• convection

• radiation

Thermal Energy

All objects want to reach thermal equilibrium. Or, they want their temperatures to be equal.

In order to make this happen, heat will move from the hotter object to the colder object.

Heat will stop flowing once the two objects reach the same temperature, or are at thermal equilibrium.

Multiple Choice

If you added ice (0^oC) to a glass of water (15^oC) how would the heat move between the ice & water?

• from the ice to the water

• from the water to the ice

Multiple Choice

The thermal energy transfer being shown in this image is...

• conduction

• radiation

• convection

Multiple Choice

The thermal energy transfer being shown in this image is...

• conduction

• radiation

• convection

Multiple Choice

The thermal energy transfer being shown in this image is...

• conduction

• radiation

• convection

Multiple Select

At higher temperatures--

• particles in an object have less kinetic energy

• particles in an object move faster

• particles in an object have more kinetic energy

• particles in an object move slower

Multiple Select

At lower temperatures--

• particles in an object have less kinetic energy

• particles in an object move faster

• particles in an object have more kinetic energy

• particles in an object move slower

Multiple Choice

The climate of a zone depends on the amount of _____________it receives.

• sunlight

• water

• wind

• clouds

Multiple Choice

What happens when the area in which you live tilts away from the sun?

• It is summer.
• It is spring.
• It is winter.
• It is fall.

Multiple Choice

Why does the area around the equator stay the same temperature all year?

• The equator rotates slower than the poles.
• The equator remains the same distance from the sun.
• The equator always receives direct sunlight.
• The equator has 18 hour days.

Multiple Choice

What part of the world usually gets the most direct sunlight?

• The equator

• The South Pole

• The North Pole

• RFMS

Multiple Choice

What part of the world usually gets the least direct sunlight?

• The equator

• The North and South Poles

• RFMS

• Argentina

Seasons & Daylight

• When a hemisphere is tilted towards the sun, that hemisphere is receiving summer. This also means that the hemisphere is receiving more daylight. This gives us longer days in the Summer!

• When a hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, that hemisphere is receiving winter. This also means that the hemisphere is receiving less daylight. This gives us shorter days in the Winter!

The location marked by a white dot in the diagram is on the Equator. As the Earth rotates on its axis each day, this location spends:

• half of its time in sunlight, or daytime (shown in red)

• half of its time in darkness, or night-time (shown in blue)

This means that days and nights are both 12 hours long.

On the Equator, days and nights are the same length throughout the year. But if you move further north or south, it's a different story!

​

Now imagine two locations that are equal distances north and south of the Equator. In the diagram, these points are labelled A and C.

When it's summer in the northern hemisphere, more of that hemisphere gets bathed in sunlight. So, Location A spends more than half of its time in the sunlight as Earth rotates. This is shown in red. This means that daylight hours are longer in summer.

Location A spends less than half of its time in darkness each day. This is shown in blue. This means that nights are shorter in summer.

Yay, you're finished! Read below & hit submit after reading:

1. If you borrowed my headphones, put them back up.

2. Work on late Science assignments: CC 4, CC 5, Heat & Temperature Review, Climate Zones Map, Model & Claim Revision 1

3. Work on current Science assignments: CC 6

4. Finished with everything? Go to the Benchmark Study Games column on the Padlet and pick any game.