Grammar Review

Grammar Review
ENG 4C1

What We'll Touch up on

​- Capitalization
- Who vs Whom
- Sentence Fragments
- Run-on Sentences

Capitalization : When do we do it?

​We capitalize:
- The first word in a sentence
- The first word of a direct quotation
- The first word and the important words in heading/subheading/title of a book/song/poem
- The days of the week, months of the year, holidays and special days
- Places, events, historical periods
- Important words in the names of awards
- Abbreviations of days and months, forms of address, places and geographical features
- Proper nouns

​We capitalize:
- The first word in a sentence
- The first word of a direct quotation
- The first word and the important words in heading/subheading/title of a book/song/poem --> Title Case
- The days of the week, months of the year, holidays and special days
- Abbreviations of days and months, forms of address, places and geographical features
- Proper nouns

​So a lot of this we already know

​The first line of a direct quotation

Ms. Noronha said, " We can watch an episode after we finish this chapter".

​So the first word after "

Multiple Choice

Select the sentence that has proper capitalization:

• the girl said, " i hate cheese sandwiches."

• The Girl Said, " I Hate Cheese Sandwiches."

• The girl said, " I hate cheese sandwiches."

• the Girl said " I hate cheese sandwiches."

​Title Case

​Title case means that you capitalize all the important words. Important words are:

• Nouns

• Pronouns

• Verbs

• Adjectives

• Adverbs

• Words that are four letters or more

​Title Case

​It might make it easier to try and remember the things you don't capitalize:

• Conjunctions ( for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)

• Articles ( the, a, an)

• Short prepositions (at, on, in)

• Three letter words or shorter

Multiple Choice

Choose the sentence that uses title case correctly.

• A Journey Through the Heart of the Amazon Rainforest

• a journey through the heart of the amazon rainforest

• a Journey Through the Heart of the Amazon Rainforest

• A Journey Through The Heart Of the Amazon Rainforest

Multiple Choice

Choose the sentence that uses title case properly.

• Mastering The Art Of Public Speaking

• mastering the Art of Public Speaking

• Mastering the Art of Public Speaking

• Mastering the art of Public Speaking

Multiple Choice

Choose the sentence that uses title case correctly.

• The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog

• The Quick Brown fox Jumps Over the Lazy dog

• the Quick brown Fox jumps Over the Lazy dog

• The Quick Brown Fox Jumps Over the Lazy Dog

​Abbreviations, Forms of Address, and Places

​You probably already remember abbreviations, but forms of address is a tricky one. You wouldn't know this if you weren't explicitly taught this.

Match

Match the abbreviation with it's full form

• TBD

• AKA

• DUI

• VPN

• ATM

to be determined

also known as

driving under the influence

virtual private network

automated teller machine

• to be determined

• also known as

• driving under the influence

• virtual private network

• automated teller machine

​Parts of an address that we capitalize

• Street names: Always capitalize street names and the direction (if included), such as "North," "South," "East," and "West."

• Examples: 123 Maple Avenue, 45 Oak Street North, 10th Avenue West.

• Apt, Suite, Unit, Floor: These terms are typically written in lowercase, unless they are part of a specific name or address that requires capitalization.

• Examples: Apartment 12B, Suite 220, Unit 5.

​Abbreviations of paths

Common abbreviations like Rd (Road), St (Street), Ave (Avenue), Blvd (Boulevard) are capitalized when they are part of the address, but lowercase when they appear as a generic term.

Multiple Choice

Select the address of our school that has the correct capitalization.

• 685 Military Trail, scarborough, on

  m1e 4p6

• 685 Military Trail, Scarborough, ON M1E 4P6

• 685 military trail, scarborough, on m1e4p6

• 685 Military Trail, scarborough On M1e4P6

Categorize

Options (8)

I am visiting 123 Main Street, Springfield, Illinois.

We are traveling to Paris, France, next summer.

My friend lives in Downtown Toronto.

The Empire State Building is in New York City.

I am visiting 123 main street, springfield, illinois.

We are traveling to paris, france, next summer.

My friend lives in downtown toronto.

The empire state building is in new york city.

Organize these options into the right categories

Correct Capitalization

Incorrect Capitalization

​Capitalize “The” when Part of a Name

• If the name of a place includes “The” as part of its official name, capitalize it.

  • Examples: The United Kingdom, The Bahamas, The Great Wall of China.

Who vs Whom

​How I am Supposed to Teach This to You

Who = subject pronoun
Whom - object pronoun

​How I Remember it if I Can't Tell

If you can respond with him or her --> Use Whom

If you can respond with his or hers --> Use Who

Sentence Fragments

Sentence fragments look like sentences, though they are missing something (like a verb or subject)

We'll have to recap on subjects and predicates

​Subject

• The subject is the part of the sentence that tells us who or what the sentence is about. It typically refers to the person, thing, or concept performing the action or being described.

• The subject is often a noun (a person, place, thing, or idea) or a pronoun (he, she, it, they, etc.).

Dropdown

Select the subject in this sentence : The dog eats spicy chips​

Select answer

Dropdown

Select the subject in this sentence​ : She loves to read​

Select answer

Dropdown

Select the subject in this sentence​ : The book on the table is mine.​

Select answer

​Predicate

• The predicate is the part of the sentence that describes what the subject is doing or what is happening to the subject. It contains the verb (action word) and any other words that modify or complete the action.

• The predicate always includes the verb, but it can also contain other words like objects, complements, or adverbs.

Dropdown

Select the predicate in this sentence : The dog eats spicy chips​

Select answer

​How They Work Together:

Every complete sentence needs both a subject and a predicate. The subject tells us who or what the sentence is about, and the predicate tells us what the subject is doing or what is being done to the subject.

Subject and predicate may be longer.

- My little brother (subject) is playing in the backyard. (predicate)

​Complex sentences

John laughed.

• Subject: John

• Predicate: Laughed

​Simple sentences

Subject + Predicate

​So Back to Sentence Fragments

Sentence fragments can lack a subject or a predicate.
They do not express complete thoughts.

Categorize

Options (9)

While serving her residency at a Manitoba hospital.

To be a member of the Royal Ontario Museum expedition to Costa Rica.

Who discovered that insulin was a treatment for diabetes.

Clyde refused.

It requires dedication to become a full-time writer.

Stop !

In the heart of the cottage country.

Inevitably, things change.

Since the Homestead Act was repealed.

Organize these options into the right categories

Fragments

Complete Sentences

​Run-on sentences

A run-on sentence consists of two or more sentences that are joined together without proper punctuation or linking words.

ex: I went to the store I forgot to buy milk.

I went to the store but I forgot to buy milk.

​Use a comma, semi-colon, or linking word

I went to the store. I forgot to buy milk.

​Break it down into many sentences

How to Fix a Run-On Sentence