Geology Revision

Geology
Revision

• Crust: Thin, solid outer layer; includes continental and oceanic crust.

• Mantle: Semi-solid, convection currents cause plate movement.

• Outer Core: Liquid iron and nickel, generates Earth’s magnetic field.

• Inner Core: Solid due to high pressure, mostly iron and nickel.

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Layers of the Earth

• Earth’s crust is divided into large pieces called tectonic plates.

• Plates float on the semi-solid mantle.

• Plates move due to convection currents in the mantle.

• Major plates include the Pacific, North American, Eurasian, and Australian plates.

Tectonic Plates

• ​Located around the edges of the Pacific Ocean.

• A major area of tectonic activity: earthquakes, volcanoes, and mountain-building.

• Convergent boundaries dominate, with many subduction zones.

• Home to 75% of the world’s active volcanoes and most of its earthquakes.

• Famous locations include Mount Fuji (Japan), and Mount St. Helens (USA)

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Ring of Fire

• Plates move apart

• New crust forms

• Can cause volcanoes and earthquakes

• Example: Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Plate Boundaries: Divergent

• Plates move together.

• One plate may be forced under another (subduction)

• Forms mountains, trenches, and volcanoes

• Example: Himalayas (includes Everest)

Plate Boundaries: Convergent

• Plates slide past each other

• Causes earthquakes

• Examples:

Plate Boundaries: Transform

• San Andreas Fault (North American and Pacific plates)

• Alpine Fault (Pacific and Australian plates in NZ)

• Caused by sudden movement of tectonic plates.

• Measured using the Richter scale and seismographs.

• Focus: Point inside Earth where the earthquake starts.

• Epicentre: Point on the surface directly above the focus.

• Common at all types of plate boundaries.

Earthquakes

• Occur at convergent and divergent boundaries or over hotspots

• Pressure builds up, causing an eruption

• Magma rises to the surface, forming lava when it cools

• Example: Mount Vesuvius (destroyed Pompeii)

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Volcanoes

Formed from cooled lava or magma

e.g. basalt, granite, pumice, obsidian

Igneous

Formed from compacted sediments
e.g. sandstone, limestone, shale

Sedimentary

Formed by heat and pressure underground
e.g. marble from limestone, slate from shale

Metamorphic

The Rock Cycle

Multiple Choice

What is the state of the outer core?

• Solid

• Liquid

• Semi-Solid

• Gas

Multiple Choice

Which layer of the Earth is responsible for tectonic plate movement?

• Crust

• Outer Core

• Mantle

• Inner Core

Dropdown

The​

Select answer

is the hottest layer of the Earth and is solid due to high pressure.

Dropdown

The layer where convection currents occur is called the ​

Select answer

.

Labeling

Correctly label each layer of the Earth.

Pay attention to which colour each arrow is pointing to

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

Inner Core

Outer Core

Mantle

Crust

Reorder

Place the following steps in the correct order to describe what happens at a divergent boundary:

• Plates move apart

• Magma rises to the surface

• New crust forms

1

2

3

• 1
• 2
• 3

Multiple Choice

What type of plate boundary forms mountains like the Himalayas?

• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform

Multiple Choice

At which type of boundary do earthquakes commonly occur without creating new landforms?

• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform

Match

Match each boundary to a real-world example:

• Divergent

• Convergent

• Transform

Mid-Atlantic Ridge

Himalayas

San Andreas Fault

• Mid-Atlantic Ridge

• Himalayas

• San Andreas Fault

Fill in the Blanks

The point on the surface directly above the focus of an earthquake is called the

.

Fill in the Blanks

Earthquakes are caused by the sudden movement of ________ ______.

Categorize

Options (5)

Focus

Epicentre

Seismic Waves

Magma

Hotspot

Categorise the following into "Earthquake Terms" or "Not Related to Earthquakes":

Earthquake

Non-Earthquake

Multiple Choice

Where do most volcanoes form?

• Transform boundaries

• Hotspots

• Convergent and divergent boundaries

• Ocean basins

Fill in the Blanks

A

is an area where magma rises to the surface away from plate boundaries.

Multiple Choice

Which type of rock forms from cooling lava or magma?

• Sedimentary

• Igneous

• Metamorphic

• Fossil

Multiple Choice

What process changes sedimentary rock into metamorphic rock?

• Erosion

• Igneous

• Heat and pressure

• Melting

Categorize

Options (9)

Basalt

Granite

Sandstone

Limestone

Marble

Slate

Gneiss

Shale

Pumice

Sort the following into the correct rock types:

Igneous

Sedimentary

Metamorphic

Reorder

Place the following steps in the correct order for sedimentary rock formation:

• Weathering and erosion break down rocks

• Sediments are transported and deposited

• Layers are compacted and cemented

1

2

3

• 1
• 2
• 3