Chemical Bonding

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Multiple Choice

Predict the bond that will form between Sr and S.

• Ionic
• Covalent

Multiple Choice

What is made when an atom gain an electron?

• Neutral(no charge)

• Positive ion

• Negative ion

Multiple Choice

Which type of bond transfers electrons

• covalent bonds

• ionic bonds

• hydrogen bonds

Multiple Choice

MgO is bonded together with what type of bond?

• ionic

• covalent

• metallic

• hydrogen

Multiple Choice

C₆H₁₂O₆ has what type of bond holding the atoms together?

• ionic

• covalent

• metallic

• Hydrogen

Multiple Choice

Elements on the LEFT side of the periodic table will most likely form:

• Positive ions
• Negative ions
• Neutral Ions
• None of these

Multiple Choice

Which substance contains bonds that involve a transfer of electrons from one atom to another?

• CO₂
• NH₃
• KBr
• Cl₂

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of a COVALENT COMPOUND?

• H₂S
• KI
• CaCl₂
• MgO

Multiple Choice

What elements generally make a covalent bond?

• metal and nonmetal
• 2 or more nonmetals
• metal
• none of the above

Multiple Choice

What elements generally make an ionic bond?

• metal and nonmetal
• 2 or more nonmetals
• metal
• none of the above

How to write electron configuration

• Identify the row number

• Identify the orbital

• Identify the number of electrons in the orbital (based on the position on the periodic table)

• Write out all configurations for the elements prior

Using the periodic table to understand electron configuration

• s orbital = blue

• p orbital = green

• d orbital = pink

• f orbital = yellow

How to Write an Electron Configuration:

1. Start with the shell/period number

2. Followed by the type of orbital

3. Finally the superscript indicates the number of electrons in the orbital

Example: B = 1s² 2s² 2p¹

Helium (1s²)

-The second element in period 1

-2 electrons on the inner most shell

-Start at H and move across the period to count the valence electrons

Multiple Choice

Choose the correct electron configuration for Terbium (Tb).

• 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁹ 5p⁶ 6s²

• 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f⁹

• 1s² 2s² 2p⁶ 3s² 3p⁶ 4s² 3d¹⁰ 4p⁶ 5s² 4d¹⁰ 5p⁶ 6s² 4f⁵

Orbital filling

Electrons fill these orbitals in a way that allows them to take the easiest root possible. The LOWEST energy levels are filled first.

Multiple Choice

What atom matches this electron configuration? 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹⁰

• Zinc

• Copper

• Nickel

• Germanium

Multiple Choice

The electron configuration of an atom is 1s²2s²2p⁶.  The number of electrons in the atom is 

• 3

• 6

• 8

• 10

Multiple Choice

Using your orbital filling cheat sheet, tell me which orbital fills after the 2 p orbital is full.

• 3p

• 3s

• 2s

• 1p

Lewis Electron Dot Structure

The chemical symbol of an element is surrounded by a number of dots which are the valence electrons.

Multiple Choice

The outermost electrons of an atom are __________.

• outermost electron

• Lewis electrons

• valence electrons

• octet electrons

Octet Rule or Rule of Eight

• Elements with with complete number of electron are those with 8 valence electrons and they are described as STABLE ELEMENTS

• Example: ₁₈Ar 2) 8) 8) valence electron is 8 therefore ₁₈Ar is stable.

• Elements with incomplete number of valence electrons are those with less than 8 valence electrons and they are described as UNSTABLE ELEMENTS

• Example: ₁₁Na 2) 8) 1) valence electron is 1, its is less than 8 therefore ₁₁Na is unstable.

Drawing Electron-Dot Structures

Trivia: Lewis Electron-Dot Structures are a visual representation of valence electrons in a molecule. By drawing these structures, we can determine the number of bonds in a molecule. This method helps us understand the bonding patterns and predict the chemical properties of substances. It's a fundamental tool in chemistry!

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct Lewis dot structure for the molecule fluorine (F₂)?

• A
• B
• C
• D

Multiple Choice

What is the correct Lewis Dot Structure for ammonia NH3

Multiple Choice

Which is the correct molecular structure for carbon dioxide?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for the compound PBr₃?

• structure A
• structure B
• structure C
• structure D

Multiple Choice

Which Lewis Dot Model drawing correctly shows an O₂ molecule?

Multiple Choice

What is the correct formula for this molecule?

• Si₄F
• SiF₄
• SiF
• Si₄F₄

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for water?

• A
• B
• C

Multiple Choice

Which is the correct structure for NH₃?

Pictures correspond with a-d.

• Option A.

• Option B.

• Option C.

• Option D.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct Lewis structure for water?

• A
• B
• C

Multiple Choice

ions that are made up of more than one atom

• ionic bond

• atomic ion

• monoatomic ion

• polyatomic ion

Multiple Choice

ionic bond forms because

• two ions of the same charge are attracted to each other

• two atoms share their electrons

• two or more atoms share their protons

• two ions of different charges are attracted to each other

Multiple Choice

Ionic compounds have

• a positive charge

• a negative charge

• no electrical charge

• changing electrical charge

Multiple Choice

A symbol Li+ means

• lithium isotope has one positive charge

• lithium has one valance electron

• lithium ion is looking for positive one atom

• lithium ion has one positive charge

Multiple Choice

NaCl is an example of a chemical formula of

• ionic molecule

• crystal

• ionic compound

• covalent compound

Multiple Choice

How many chloride ions are needed to cancel the 2+ charge of magnesium in magnesium chloride?

• 6

• 2

• -1

• -2

Fill in the Blanks

electrons have what kind of charge?

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the outermost electrons?

• outside electrons

• electron clouds

• valence electrons

• negative electrons

Multiple Choice

When an electron is removed from or added to an atom, the atom/s becomes

• ion

• isotopes

• atoms

• bonded

FORMATION OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

FORMATION OF COVALENT COMPOUNDS

1) The two atoms of nonmetals share valence electrons to obtain the same number of electrons as the nearest noble gas, producing molecular covalent compounds.

​

​Hydrogen's configuration is 1s¹. S orbital has a maximum number of valence electrons.

​For the atoms to become stable, they should have a completely filled last main energy level.

Multiple Choice

How many electron/s is/are needed for the hydrogen atom to have a completely-filled last energy level?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

How many electrons are needed by oxygen atom to have 8 valence electrons?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

Multiple Choice

How many electrons can be shared by oxygen atom?

• 1

• 2

• 3

• 4

2.9 Covalent Bonding

Sharing electrons to achieve stability.

It's how nonmetals bond with other nonmetal atoms.

Molecules are formed. (discrete, electrically-neutral particles of matter... they be small y'all)

Covalent Bonds involve nonmetals only.

...Who are the Nonmetals again?

Elements to the right of the staircase line AND Hydrogen , H

Prior Knowledge

• Electron configuration

• Valence electrons

• location of nonmetals on P.T.

• Octet Rule

• rapid fire set of questions up next. Be ready to flip to periodic table

Multiple Choice

What is the electron configuration of chlorine? (symbol, Cl , Group 17)

• 2-7

• 2-8-7

• 2-8-8

Multiple Choice

How many valence electrons does an atom of chlorine have?

• 2

• 7

• 8

Multiple Choice

If forming an ion, What will an atom of chlorine do to achieve 8 valence electrons?

• gain 1

• lose 7

If a metal atom is around, 1 electron will transfer to the chlorine atom... making it a 1- chloride ion (that is ionic bonding)

But what if there are no metal atoms around?

What if there are only other nonmetal atoms nearby?

Covalent Bonding

Sharing valence electrons , not transferring them.

Key information for Covalent Bonding

• " Co " = share ; "valent" = valence shell (valence electrons)

• A Covalent Bond is: A chemical bond formed when two atoms share valence electrons. (Typically, two nonmetal atoms)

• Sharing takes place until each atom has access to 8 valence electrons (Octet Rule ; exceptions of Hydrogen... needs only 2)

• Example: In a molecule of Cl₂ , each chlorine atom donates an electron into a covalent bond in the molecule , which results in each Cl atom having access to 8 total valence electrons (each started with 7).

Hydrogen is a nonmetal and is an exception to the Octet Rule

It only needs to form one covalent bond and have access to 2 valence electrons.

Can bond to itself, making H₂

Or to others, such as carbon (CH₄)

Electrons are shared to form one, two, or three bonding pairs

• Single Covalent Bond: One shared pair (Ex: in Cl₂)

• Double Covalent Bond: Two shared pairs (Ex: in O₂)

• Triple Covalent Bond: Three shared pairs (Ex: in N₂)

• Bonding pairs of electrons represented as dots or as dashes in Lewis Dot Diagrams (examples on next slide)

New Term: Valency

The number of covalent bonds that an atom needs to reach stability

(Typically, to reach access to 8 valence electrons.)

How-to:

Simply count the number of unpaired electrons in the atom's Lewis Dot Diagram

Multiple Choice

How many unpaired electrons in the Lewis Dot Diagram of an atom of fluorine? (this will determine how many covalent bonds it needs to form... its valency)

(click the image to enlarge)

• 1

• 2

• 3

Multiple Choice

How many covalent bonds does an atom of oxygen need to form to be stable?

(click image to enlarge)

• 1

• 2

• 3

Lewis Dot Diagrams of nonmetal atoms are the key to determining how they bond with each other

But how to draw them?

(Mr. M demonstrating after the Quizizz Lesson concludes)

Recap

• nonmetals can form covalent bonds with other nonmetal atoms

• covalent bonds involve the sharing of valence electrons

• Typically, each atom contributes one valence electron into each covalent bond (thus, bonding pairs are formed)

• The number of unpaired valence electrons an atom has determines how many covalent bonds it needs (a.k.a. its valency)

Multiple Select

Which of the following elements could be involved in covalent bonds?

Select all that apply.

• H, hydrogen

• Na, sodium

• S, sulfur

• Fe, iron

Multiple Choice

Covalent bonding involves the ...

• transferring of electrons from one atom to another

• the sharing of electrons between atoms

• the attraction between metal cations and a sea of mobile electrons

For Definitions and Examples of Covalent Bonding, Lewis Dot Diagrams and Structures... go to Quizlet

"2.9 Covalent Bonding"