Unit 104 Tools

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PowerPoint presentation

Hand tools

Unit 104: Site preparation for working in the
construction industry

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Hand tools

Safety

As a plumber or electrician, you will use a variety of hand tools. All of
them are potentially dangerous if they are not used correctly or are not
cared for and maintained.

Instruction on the correct use of tools, their potential dangers and
required maintenance will form an important part of your training.

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Hand tools

Always use the right tool for the job at hand!

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Hand tools

Lump or club hammer

These are used for heavy hammering work, mainly with cold chisels
and bolster chisels. They can also be used for light demolition work.

Fill in the Blanks

These are used for heavy hammering work, mainly with

chisels

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Hand tools

Claw hammer

Used for driving nails in to and extracting nails from wood. The head is
made of forged steel and the handle can be made from wood,
fibreglass or steel. The claw splits in to a ‘V’ shape to go under the nail
head after which leverage is achieved by pulling on the handle.

Multiple Choice

The head of the hammer is
made of.

• Glass

• Wood

• forged steel

• Calcium

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Hand tools

Spirit level

These are used to ensure that appliances, pipework, conduit or
trunking are installed level. They use a bubble positioned between two
marked lines.

Electronic or laser levels are sometimes used these days instead of
manual levels.

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Hand tools

Spirit level

Two main sizes – 600mm and 1200mm – are commonly used in the
trade for levelling appliances and runs.

There is also a ‘boat level’, which is 300mm long and is magnetic.

Multiple Choice

There is also a ‘boat level’, which is ..............mm long and is magnetic.

• 600mm

• 1200mm

• 450mm

• 300mm

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Hand tools

Spirit level

When the bubble is perfectly between the two line markers, it is level.

If the bubble is not perfectly between the two line markers, it is not
level.

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Hand tools

Tape measure

These are vital to be able to either measure the size of an item or to
mark out correctly. A 3m or 5m tape measure is quite adequate.

For site measurements a site tape may be required. They will give the
measurement in millimetres, metres, inches and feet.

Reorder

For site measurements a site tape may be required. They will give the
measurement in millimetres, metres, inches and feet.

Re arrange the measurements smallest to largest, 1 being the smallest.

• millimetres

• inches

• feet

• metres

1

2

3

4

• 1
• 2
• 3
• 4

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Hand tools

Chalk line

This enables the installer to mark the position of long lengths for either pipe runs or trunking. It is basically string covered with chalk powder.
The string is held fairly taut against a wall in two places. It is then
flicked, leaving a chalk line along the wall.

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Hand tools

String line

This is very similar to the chalk line except the string line has no chalk
powder so it cannot mark the wall. A string line is positioned very taut to give a straight line and is commonly used with a line level.
Sometimes it may include a plumb line to give a vertical line.

Multiple Choice

For what purpose was the string line being used in the previous slide.

• water pipes

• guttering

• gas pipe

• soil stack

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Hand tools

Adjustable spanner

This is a general-purpose tool used for tightening or loosening nuts.
Any flat-sided nut should be adjusted with a spanner not grips. The
head of the spanner is shaped to be positioned on the nut one way
only, ensuring force on the handle is applied in the correct direction and
slip is minimised.

Multiple Choice

What type of plumbing fitting should an adjustable spanner be used with?

• compression

• push fit

• press fit

• integral solder

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Hand tools

Wood chisel

There are many different types of wood chisel, including flat-bladed and bevelled-edge. These will mainly be used for notching joists or shaping wood to allow pipes or cables to pass by.

Multiple Choice

Of the four images below, which one is compatible with a wood chisel

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Hand tools

Cold chisel

This is a general-purpose tool for cutting and breaking masonry, stone
and brickwork. It is used with a lump hammer when manually chasing a section of wall out.

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Hand tools

Bolster chisel

A bolster chisel is used with a lump hammer to cut masonry, stone and brickwork.
It can also be used for lifting floorboards. There is a specialist version called a floorboard chisel.

Multiple Choice

What was the name of the chisel

• holster

• monster

• larger

• bolster

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Hand tools

Flathead screwdriver

This is used on slot-headed screws and should not be used as a chisel or wedge because the blade can be damaged quite easily.
It is important to use the correct size blade for the screw.
Therefore, because screw size varies, having a selection of flathead screwdrivers is important.

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Hand tools

Crosshead screw drivers

These come in two styles: Philips head, which is the older style, and
Pozidriv head, which is the more modern style.

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Hand tools

Phillips head

Designed in the 1930s so that the screwdriver would ride out of the
screw head once tightened sufficiently, thereby preventing over-
tightening.

Pozidriv head

Similar to the Phillips, it has an eight-point star shape for better grip.

A Philips screwdriver will fit a pozidriv screw, but a pozidriv screw driver
will not fit a Phillips screw.

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Hand tools

Pad saw

Sometimes known as a keyhole, dry wall or plasterboard saw, the pad
saw has a long, narrow blade and is used to cut small or awkward
holes in materials.
The blade can be fixed or retractable and can be swapped for a hacksaw blade if metal needs to be cut.

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Hand tools

Wood saw

As plumbers and electricians, we will probably use only two types of
wood saw.

Universal hard-point saw

A general-purpose wood saw used for cutting wood to length or cutting
plastic pipework. The teeth of this saw are made from tungsten steel
and remain sharp for a long time.

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Hand tools

Floorboard saw

This is specifically made for cutting and lifting floorboards when in
position. It has teeth on the curved edge of the saw for cutting the
floorboard or groove when in position.

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Hand tools

Junior hacksaw

This an essential saw for plumbers and electricians. This small saw is
used to cut small pipework or conduit. It is good for cutting pipe or
trunking when in position, where access is difficult or removal too
costly. When replacing the blade, make sure the teeth face forwards.

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Hand tools

Hacksaw

This is used to cut pipework by plumbers or trunking by electricians.
The blade teeth vary from 32tpi to 24tpi, according to the material being cut. It is not suitable for cutting wood.

When replacing the blade make sure the teeth face forwards and the
blade is tensioned correctly.

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Hand tools

Tool inspection

After you have used a tool for a while certain faults can occur. It is
therefore important to always inspect the tools before using them,
especially if they are not your own. Again, always check them during
the working day just in case any damage or faults have occurred.

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Hand tools

Maintaining chisels

After you have used chisels for a while their heads will start to
‘mushroom’. This is potentially dangerous – when the chisel is hit by
the hammer a splinter of metal could fly off.

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Hand tools

Hammers

When using a hammer, always make sure the head is securely fixed to
the handle. A loose head has the potential to fly off and injure someone or damage property.

Hacksaws & padsaws

Make sure the blade in your hacksaw or pad saw is tight and secure to avoid injury.

Spirit levels

Make sure the bubble holder in the spirit level is not loose or else your
lines will not be level!

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Hand tools

Sharp edges

Tools such as chisels and saws will go blunt after a while. Always use
sharpened tools as they cut well, need less energy to use and leave a
better and more accurate finish on the material.

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Hand tools

Caring for tools

Inspect your tools for damage every day as they can easily get
chipped, twisted, dented or broken.

In the day-to-day use of tools, it is all too easy to throw a tool back in to
a toolbox. Throwing a tool is dangerous in itself, but could also damage
the tool or another tool.

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Hand tools

Golden rules

If any chisel is blunt, sharpen it.

If a blade is blunt, replace it.

If a hammer head is loose, secure it.

If a tool is damaged badly, don’t use it.

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Hand tools

Important guidelines

Know the purpose of each tool and use it for the task it was designed
for.

Never use a tool unless you have been trained to do so.

Inspect tools before use and replace them if necessary.

Clean and oil tools when you have finished with them.

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Hand tools

Important guidelines

•Know the function of each tool and use it only for appropriate tasks.

•Never use a tool unless you have been trained to do so.

•Inspect tools before use and replace them if necessary.

•Clean and oil tools when you have finished with them.

•Never throw a tool as it can be damaged.

•Do not use a tool if the handle is missing.

•Do not use a chisel with a mushroom head.

•Do not put sharp tools in your pocket or unprotected in your tool box.

•Make tools safe.

•Remove any tools that are dangerous.

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Hand tools

Important guidelines

•Whenever using tools, always follow the risk assessment written by your
company or the site you are working on.

•Whenever using tools, always select and use the appropriate personal
protective equipment (PPE).

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Any questions?