Clauses of Reason, Purpose, Contrast, and Manner

Clauses

Reason, Purpose, Contrast, and Manner

• Reason: Explains why something happens (e.g., because she was late).

• Purpose: Shows the goal of an action (e.g., so that he could win).

• Contrast: Highlights differences (e.g., although it was raining).

• Manner: Describes how something is done (e.g., as if he knew).

A clause is a group of words with a subject and a verb. Some clauses explain specific relationships in sentences and are used to form complex sentences, combining an independent clause with a dependent clause:

​These clauses enrich sentences by adding clarity and detail.

are used to express the reason for something. They are introduced with:

Clauses of Reason

• ​because,

• as/since,

• because of/due to (the fact that),

• the reason for/why​

Multiple Select

Which is more formal?

• because

• as

• since

Multiple Choice

Where should a comma be placed when a dependent clause with 'because' comes after the main clause?
She stayed home because she was feeling sick.

• Before 'because'

• After 'because'

• No comma needed

Multiple Choice

Since it was late, we decided to leave.

Should the sentence be punctuated?

• Yes, the punctuation is correct.

• No, a comma is not needed.

Multiple Select

Select the sentences that are punctuated correctly.

• He left early as he had an appointment.

• Because it was raining we stayed indoors.

• She left early because she was feeling sick.

• Since she was the best candidate, they offered her the job.

• She smiled, because she received good news.

Multiple Choice

Is a comma needed before 'due to' or 'because of'?

• Yes

• No

Multiple Select

They came home late ___ the heavy traffic.

• because of

• because of the fact that

• due to

• due to the fact that

Multiple Select

She was promoted ___ she works hard.

• because of

• because of the fact that

• due to

• due to the fact that

Multiple Choice

She was upset ___ waiting for so long.

• because of

• because of the fact that

Multiple Select

The flight was delayed ___ technical issues.

• because of

• because of the fact that

• due to

• due to the fact that

Multiple Select

___ the high demand, the product sold out quickly.

• Because of

• Because of the fact that

• Due to

• Due to the fact that

Multiple Select

She was late ___ .

• because of her car broke down.

• because her car broke down.

• due to her car breaking down.

• due to the fact that her car broke down.

- The game was cancelled because of rain.

- They were upset because of losing the match.

- We were late because of traffic blocking the road.

Because of
+ noun/-ing

- He was absent due to illness.

- The office closed early due to celebrating a holiday.

- The class was disrupted due to students chatting.

​​Due to
+ noun/-ing

- She was upset because of the fact that her application was rejected.

- Because of the fact that the venue was unavailable, the meeting was rescheduled.

Because of the fact that + subject + verb

- He failed the test due to the fact that he didn’t study.

-Due to the fact that the team lacked experience, they lost the game.

​​Due to the fact that
+ subject + verb

The reason for her delay was (the fact) that she had missed the train.

The fact that she had missed the train was the reason for her being delayed.

​

The reason for + noun/-ing

- The reason why she was delayed was (the fact) that she had missed the train.

​- You're the reason why I wake up with a smile every day.

The reason why + subject + verb

Multiple Choice

The reason ___ I chose this restaurant is that they have great reviews.

• for

• why

Multiple Choice

The reason ___ her decision is unknown.

• for

• why

Multiple Choice

The reason ___ the confusion was a lack of communication.

• for

• why

Multiple Choice

The reason ___ they moved to a new city is because of better job opportunities.

• for

• why

are used to express the purpose of an action. They explain why someone does something. They are introduced with:

Clauses of Purpose

• ​to,

• in order (not) to/ so as (not) to,

• so that + can/will (present or future reference),

• so that + could/would (past reference),

• in case + present tense (present reference),

• in case + past tense (past reference)

Multiple Choice

I'm going out ___ get some fresh air.

• so that

• in case

• for

• to

Multiple Choice

She reserved a table ___ she wouldn't have to wait in a queue.

• so that

• in case

• in order to

• so as not to

Multiple Choice

He went to Harvard ___ obtain a degree in economics.

• so that

• in case

• in order to

• for

Multiple Choice

We use an axe ___ chopping wood.

• so that

• in case

• in order to

• for

Multiple Choice

Take a map ___ you get lost.

• so that

• in case

• in order to

• for

Multiple Choice

They walked slowly on the ice ___ slip and fall.

• so that

• in case

• in order to

• so as not to

Multiple Choice

He set his alarm clock ___ he wouldn't oversleep.

• so that

• in case

• in order to

• so as not to

Multiple Choice

I took my raincoat ___ it rained.

• so that

• in case

• in order to

• so as to

Multiple Choice

He checked in the dictionary ___ spell the word wrongly.

• so that

• for

• in order to

• so as not to

Multiple Choice

He got a loan from the bank ___ expand his business.

• so that

• for

• in order to

• so as not to

Multiple Choice

She is learning English ___ she can get a job in the UK.

• so that

• for

• in order to

• so as to

Multiple Choice

I wrote the date down in my diary ___ I wouldn't forget it.

• so that

• in case

• in order to

• so as to

are used to express a contrast. They are introduced with:

Clauses of Contrast

• ​but,

• although/even though/though + subject + verb,

• in spite of/despite + noun/-ing,

• in spite of/despite the fact that + clause,

• however/nevertheless,

• while/ whereas,

• yet.

'Yet' can be used similarly to 'but' or 'however' to show contrast or introduce a surprising or opposing idea.

YET

• ​I’ve read many books, yet I still find it hard to understand the topic.

• The movie was long, yet it was very engaging.

Multiple Choice

___ of the bad weather, we sat in the garden.

• In spite

• Despite

• Even though

• Nevertheless

Multiple Choice

___ feeling better, he didn't go back to work.

• In spite

• Despite

• Although

• However

Multiple Choice

Tom ran well, ___ he lost.

• while

• despite

• yet

• whereas

Multiple Choice

___ he had passed his exams, he couldn't find a good job.

• Despite

• In spite of

• Although

• Whereas

are used to express the way in which something is done/said, etc. They are introduced with:

Clauses of Manner

• ​as if,

• as though

Multiple Select

She looks ___ she is a model.

• as

• if

• as if

• as though

Multiple Choice

They looked at me ___ crazy.

• though I was

• like I

• as if I am

• as if I was

Multiple Choice

Which one is more formal?

• As if/As though

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