IGCSE- Economic Activity-Lesson 3-What factors effect change

Open Ended

Name the employment sectors

Multiple Choice

What sector is largest in LICs?

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary

• Quaternary

Multiple Choice

What sector is biggest in HICs?

• Primary

• Secondary

• Tertiary

• Quaternary

​Lesson Objectives

​

• Define key terms like globalisation, mechanisation, and demographic changes.

• Explain the factors influencing employment patterns.

• Analyse the impacts on different economic sectors.

Match

Match to the correct section of the Clark Fisher

A

C

B

C

• A

• C

• B

• C

​

•As a country develops, the relative importance of each economic sector changes.

•This means that the number of people employed by each sector changes too.

Open Ended

What are the pie charts telling us about the countries?

GDP Vs employment.

Describe the structure for each country for 

1. GDP

2.  Employment

3. Extension – is there a link?

Open Ended

What factors affect the number of people employed by each economic sector?

​Raw Materials

​

•Most manufacturing in the UK in the 19th Century was fuelled by coal.

•Now,most manufacturing is fuelled by electricity, which is easy to transport thanks to vast global networks.

•This is also the case for oil and gas.

Open Ended

What might happen in a community if a big coal mine closes? Think about jobs, families, and local businesses.”

​In the UK, coal mining was a major employer in the 19th century. However, as coal use declined and electricity became the dominant energy source, many coal mines closed, leading to significant job losses.

​Technology: Mechanisation

​

• Mechanisation in agriculture and manufacturing reduces the need for manual labor. For example, tractors and automated machinery in farming have drastically decreased the number of people needed in the primary sector.

Open Ended

How would this effect the clark fisher model?

• Technological advances create new industries, such as biotechnology and robotics. These industries provide new job opportunities, often requiring higher skills and education levels.

New Technology

​

Technological advances in transport have also reduced friction of distance.

​Advances in transport and communication have reduced the "friction of distance," making it easier and cheaper to move goods and services globally. This has influenced where jobs are located and created new markets.

​Technology: Friction of Distance

​Technology: Communication Revolution

​The rise of digital communication has transformed how businesses operate. For instance, email and video conferencing have reduced the need for physical offices, changing employment in administrative roles.

Multiple Choice

Communications have also become quicker and easier on a global scale.

How many emails do you think have been sent today?

• 150 000 000 000

• 150 000 000

• 150 000

• 150 000 000 000 000

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​Globalisation: Introduction

​

• Globalisation connects economies and allows countries to focus on their strengths. This has led to outsourcing, the creation of international supply chains, and shifts in job markets.

Labelling

1 )Kenya
Specialises in growing fresh flowers, fruit, and vegetables for European markets

2) India
Known for hosting English-language call centres and outsourcing IT services for companies worldwide

3) South Korea
Produces cars and electronics (e.g., Hyundai, Samsung) for export worldwide

4) China
A manufacturing hub for goods like clothing, electronics, and machinery

5) Brazil
Exports agricultural products like coffee, soybeans, and beef to global markets

6) Germany
A leader in car manufacturing (e.g., BMW, Volkswagen) and high-tech exports

7) Vietnam
Known for producing textiles and electronics for global markets

8) New Zealand
Exports dairy products, meat, and wine, benefiting from global demand

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

5

4

1

6

3

7

2

8

Open Ended

How does Globalisation benefit these countries' economies?

​Globalisation: Winners and Losers

​

• While globalisation creates opportunities, it also results in job losses in high-cost manufacturing countries as production moves to low-cost regions. For example, car manufacturing in South Korea has grown due to its competitive pricing.

​Government Policy

​

Government intervention to support some industries can also ensure certain types of jobs are secure in a changing world

​ The Chocolate Law (Switzerland, 1974)

​ •Swiss government pays subsidies to the manufacturers, to make their products viable on the market

•Why bother? Because the Swiss food manufacturing industry accounts for around 10% of all Swiss-produced cereals and 7% of milk…protects jobs in both agriculture and manufacturing in Switzerland

Open Ended

How will population growth impact employment structure?

​Demographic Changes: Population Growth

​As populations grow, more people need things like schools, hospitals, and shops. This means more jobs are created in services like teaching, healthcare, and retail.

​ Demographic Changes: Development Pathway

​

• As countries develop, people earn more money. They spend more on things like holidays, eating out, and entertainment. This creates new jobs in areas like tourism, restaurants, and leisure.

Open Ended

Imagine a new shopping centre is built in your town. What kinds of jobs or businesses might appear because of it? List as many as you can!

​

• When new jobs are created, they help other businesses grow too. For example, if a new factory opens, the workers will spend money locally in shops and cafes, creating more jobs in the area.

​The Multiplier Effect

Multiple Select

What factors affect the number of people employed by each economic sector?

• 
  Raw materials

• New Technology

• Globalisation

• Government Policy

• Demographic and social change

Open Ended

Why isn't every country rich?

Open Ended

Answer the exam question

Open Ended

Answer the exam question

Open Ended

Answer the exam question

​Homework

• Choose one industry from the following options:

  • Clothing and Textiles

  • Electronics Manufacturing

  • Agriculture and Food Production

• Research how this industry has been affected by globalisation. Focus on the following:

  • Which countries are key players in this industry?

  • What kinds of jobs are created or lost because of globalisation?

  • How does this industry benefit from improvements in transport or communication?

• Include at least one statistic or fact (e.g., the number of people employed in this industry globally).

​Lesson Objectives

​

• Define key terms like globalisation, mechanisation, and demographic changes.

• Explain the factors influencing employment patterns.

• Analyse the impacts on different economic sectors.

​ Study Figure 1c in the Resource Booklet. Analyse the reasons for changes in primary and quaternary employment. (8)

​ TIPS: Remember there are 4 marks for using the information in the figure and 4 marks for the analysis.

If you do not refer to the figure you will in effect be losing half the marks.

To analyse means to not only describe the change but compare and say why they change over time.

The Clark-Fisher Model (Figure 1c) shows how employment in the primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary sectors changes as countries develop. At the early stage of development, a large percentage of people work in primary employment (e.g., farming and fishing) because economies rely on natural resources. This is shown in the model, where the primary sector has the highest proportion of jobs at the pre-industrial stage.

For example, in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, most people are farmers as they lack the technology for industrial work. This reliance on farming decreases as countries develop. The model shows this decline during the industrial and post-industrial stages. This happens because of advancements in technology, like tractors, which make farming more efficient and reduce the need for manual labour. For example, in the UK, only 1% of workers are in farming today because machines have replaced human labour.

At the same time, the model highlights a rise in the quaternary sector during the post-industrial stage. This is because more developed economies invest in education and research, leading to more jobs in high-tech industries. For example, Singapore has focused on biotechnology and IT, creating many quaternary jobs. Globalization also supports this trend. In India, for example, cities like Bengaluru are hubs for IT services, showing how quaternary jobs grow as countries develop.

The Clark-Fisher Model clearly highlights these shifts. It shows that primary jobs decrease as countries become wealthier, while quaternary jobs grow significantly.[AO3: This pattern is driven by technology, education, and globalization, which all shape employment structures in different stages of development.

​Highlight
AO3: Analysis

AO4: Skills-referring to the figure