Cognitive Bias and Logical Fallacies

Poll

What do you believe?

Cell phones have a negative impact on social skill development

OR

Cell phones have a positive impact on social skill development

• Cell phones have a negative impact on social skill development

• Cell phones have a positive impact on social skill development

Poll

Which article is true?

• The use of phones impacts the quality of our social skills overtime. People lose their ability to have meaningful conversations when they are deprived of such conversations on a daily basis. In the long run, the nature of our interactions will change in a negative way. The impact on social skills is even more evident in the younger generations.

• Having a phone of their own may help kids socialize and build friendships. "Phones can be a tool to promote social skills, such as using them to FaceTime with friends and family," says Reena B. Patel, a positive parenting psychologist and licensed educational board certified behavior analyst.

Poll

Which comes to mind first?

A compliment someone recently gave you

OR

Something negative someone said about you (can be recent or even a long time ago)

• A compliment someone recently gave you

• Something negative someone said about you (can be recent or even a long time ago)

Poll

Is this a good deal?

$700 for these really cool shoes!

• Yes!

• No!

Poll

Is this a good deal?

50% off! Only $350 dollars!

Black Friday Sale Exclusive!

• Yes!

• No!

Poll

Is this a good deal?

$45 for this Medium Pepperoni Pizza

• Yes!

• No!

Poll

Is this a good deal?

$40

for this large pepperoni pizza

with 3 dipping sauces and a soda!

• Yes!

• No!

Poll

Did you do well on the test?

• Yes!

• No!

Poll

If we flip a coin, do you think it will be…

• Heads

• Tails

Poll

Pick a Side

• Right

  Are you sure that’s the side you want to pick?

• Left

  Are you sure that’s the side you want to pick?

Poll

Is this true or false?

The MORE people present during an emergency or crime, the MORE likely someone will intervene or call for help.

• True

• False

Poll

Was the traffic light

red or green?

• Red

• Green

Poll

Which side do you agree with?

• Cell phones are harmful

• Cell phones are helpful

Let's Review!

Multiple Choice

Which cognitive bias involves seeking out information that supports your existing beliefs?

• Anchoring bias

• Confirmation bias

• Negativity bias

• Self-serving bias

Multiple Choice

The tendency to blame others for negative outcomes while taking credit for positive ones is called

• Hindsight bias

• Choice-supportive bias

• Self-serving bias

• Bandwagon effect

Multiple Choice

Which bias explains why people often remember criticism more vividly than compliments?

• Negativity bias

• Misinformation effect

•  Anchoring bias

• Bandwagon effect

Multiple Choice

When people rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive, they are experiencing

• Confirmation bias

• Anchoring bias

•  Middle ground fallacy

• Black or white fallacy

Multiple Choice

The belief that past events seem more predictable than they actually were is known as:

• Choice-supportive bias

• Hindsight bias

•  Sunk cost fallacy

• Misinformation effect

Multiple Choice

Which effect describes people's tendency to follow the actions of others?

• Bystander effect

• Bandwagon effect

• Anchoring effect

• Misinformation effect

Multiple Choice

The phenomenon where people are less likely to help in emergencies when others are present is called:

• Bystander effect

• Bandwagon effect

• Anchoring effect

• Misinformation effect

Multiple Choice

Which effect can lead to false memories based on information received after an event?

• Hindsight bias

• Anchoring bias

• Misinformation effect

• Choice-supportive bias

Multiple Choice

The tendency to view your choices more favorably after making them is known as:

• Self-serving bias

• Choice-supportive bias

• Confirmation bias

• Anchoring bias

Multiple Choice

Which fallacy involves continuing an endeavor due to previously invested resources?

• Self-serving bias

• Choice-supportive bias

• Confirmation bias

• Sunk cost fallacy

Multiple Choice

The assumption that there are only two possible options in a situation is called

• Middle ground fallacy

• Sunk cost fallacy

• Confirmation bias

• Black or white fallacy

Multiple Choice

Which fallacy assumes that the truth must lie between two extreme viewpoints?

• Middle ground fallacy

• Sunk cost fallacy

• Confirmation bias

• Black or white fallacy

Multiple Choice

How can one avoid confirmation bias?

• Always trust your first instinct

• Seek out information that contradicts your beliefs

• Ignore opposing viewpoints

• Rely solely on personal experiences

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a way to combat the bystander effect?

• Directly ask someone for help

• Be specific about the help you need

• Assume someone else will intervene

• Take initiative to help others

Multiple Choice

The anchoring bias is most likely to affect:

•  Memory of past events

• Judgments about numerical values

• Willingness to help others

• Preference for popular trends

Multiple Choice

Which bias might lead someone to say "I knew it all along" after an unexpected event occurs?

•  Negativity bias

• Self-serving bias

• Hindsight bias

• Anchoring bias

Multiple Choice

The bandwagon effect is closely related to:

•  Social norms and peer pressure

• Memory distortion

• Self-blame for negative outcomes

• Overemphasis on initial information

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a potential negative consequence of the misinformation effect?

• Creation of false memories

• Increased accuracy of eyewitness testimony

• Distortion of original memories

• Reduced reliability of recalled information

Multiple Choice

The choice-supportive bias can lead to:

• More objective decision-making

• Increased willingness to change one's mind

• Difficulty in accurately assessing past choices

• Better memory of negative outcomes

Multiple Choice

Which strategy would be least effective in avoiding the sunk cost fallacy?

• Evaluating future costs and benefits

• Acknowledging past investments as unrecoverable

• Continuing an activity to justify previous spending

• Considering opportunity costs of persisting