Climate and Climate Change

Climate and Effects of Climate Change

Module no. 2

​Environmental Science (BSN)

​

​John Alvin U. Nillo, LPT

​Objetives

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

​

●identify the differences between climate and weather;

●explain how different major components of the Earth’s system interact with each other;

●identify the different causes and effects of climate change; and

● adopt practices to counteract the impacts of climate change.​

​

​

Poll

How are you today?

• Happy/Good Vibes

• Sad/Stressed

• Angry/Upset

• Feel Blessed

• Not okay/Ignored by someone

Open Ended

Share your hugot or jokes in 1 minute!

Poll

From sclae 1-4, how will you rate yourself on the extent of your knowledge about this lesson (Climate and Effects of Climate Change) ?

• 1

  Less Knowledge

• 2

  Enough Knowledge

• 3

  Moderate Knowledge

• 4

  Very Knowledgable

​Let's check your knowledge

​•top 1-5 will be given plus five (5) points for the quiz no. 2.

•top 6-10 will be given plus three (3) points for the quiz no. 2.

​

Note: taking pictures/screenshots during the game is strictly prohibited (deduction of ten (10pts.) in your quiz no. 2)

Multiple Choice

It is a condition of the atmosphere over a short period of time. It can also change within minutes or hours.

• Climate

• Weather

• Typhoon

• Earthquake

Open Ended

What comes into your mind when you hear the word "climate change"?

Weather

​Weather is a description of the physical conditions of the atmosphere (moisture, temperature, pressure, and wind), all of which play a vital role in shaping ecosystems. Winds generated by pressure gradients push large air masses of differing temperature and moisture content around the globe. Our daily weather is created by the movement of these air masses.

​Climate

​Climate is a description of the long-term pattern of weather in a particular area. Climates often undergo cyclic changes over decades, centuries, and millenia. Determining where we are in these cycles and predicting what may happen in the future is an important, difficult, process. As human activities change the properties of the atmosphere, it becomes more difficult and more important to understand how the atmosphere works and what future weather and climate conditions may be.

​Climate vs Weather

Multiple Choice

What is the climate in/of the Philippines?

• Dry

• Tropical

• Polar

• Continental

Philippines Weather and Climate​

The Philippines have a tropical maritime climate, meaning the weather is generally hot and quite humid. The region really only experiences three seasons, a hot dry summer between March and May known as tag-init, a wet season between June and November known as tag-ulan and a cooler dry season between December and February known as tag-lamig. The Philippines weather patterns are created by the prevailing winds of the southwest monsoon (known as the habagat) from May to October and the northeast monsoon (known as the amihan) from November to early May.​

​https://www.accuweather.com/en/ph/san-fernando-city/263753/weather-forecast/263753

​https://www.travelonline.com/philippines/weather.html

Philippines Weather and Climate​

Average temperatures in the Philippines usually range between 21 °C (70 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F) with the average yearly temperature coming in at around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F). Temperatures can fluctuate between regions and depending on the season, however generally January is the coolest month while May is the warmest.

​https://www.accuweather.com/en/ph/san-fernando-city/263753/weather-forecast/263753

​https://www.travelonline.com/philippines/weather.html

​Weather Forecast: La Union

​https://www.accuweather.com/en/ph/san-fernando-city/263753/weather-forecast/263753

​https://www.travelonline.com/philippines/weather.html

Philippines Annual Average Climate

​https://www.travelonline.com/philippines/weather.html

Multiple Choice

What are the five (5) major components of the Earth's climate system?

• temperate, polar, dry, tropical, and warm

• temperate, polar, dry, tropical, and continental

• atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere,

  cryosphere, and lithosphere

• atmosphere, hydropsphere, biosphere, geosphere, and lithosphere

​The five (5) major components of Earth's climate system

​atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere,

cryosphere, and lithosphere.

The interconnections of these

components influence not only the

day-to-day weather, but also the

long-term averages known as the

climate.

Multiple Choice

A layer of the earth surrounded by gases. This layer protects life on earth by absorbing ultraviolet solar radiation.

• hydrosphere

• atmosphere

• cryosphere

• biosphere

• lithosphere

​The Interconnected Cycle of the Earth's System

The atmosphere contains water vapour, which is also a natural greenhouse gas. Its volume mixing ratio is highly variable, but it is typically in the order of 1%. Because these greenhouse gases absorb the infrared radiation emitted by the Earth and emit infrared radiation up- and downward, they tend to raise the temperature near the Earth’s surface. We need atmosphere to get oxygen to sustain our life.

​Earth's cycle system: ATMOSPHERE

Multiple Choice

This layer is the totality of water surrounding the earth, comprising all the bodies of water, ice and water vapour, lakes, groundwaters, glaciers, and the like.

• atmosphere

• lithosphere

• hydrosphere

• cryosphere

• lithosphere

​The Interconnected Cycle of the Earth's System

the hydrosphere is the component comprising all liquid surface and subterranean water, both fresh water, including rivers, lakes and aquifers, and saline water of the oceans and seas. Fresh water runoff from the land returning to the oceans in rivers influences the ocean’s composition and circulation. The oceans cover approximately 70% of the Earth’s surface. They store and transport a large amount of energy and dissolve and store great quantities of carbon dioxide.

Multiple Choice

Portion or layer of the earth where water is in a solid form.

• lithosphere

• atmosphere

• biosphere

• cryosphere

• hydrosphere

​The Interconnected Cycle of the Earth's System

The cryosphere, including the ice sheets of Greenland and Antarctica, continental glaciers and snow fields, sea ice and permafrost, derives its importance to the climate system from its high reflectivity (albedo) for solar radiation, its low thermal conductivity, its large thermal inertia and, especially, its critical role in driving deep ocean water circulation.

Cryosphere: Albedo effect

Multiple Choice

It is primarily the rocky and stony part covering the whole earth surface; on which the interaction of the other geospheres happen.

• cryosphere

• lithosphere

• atmosphere

• biosphere

• hydrosphere

​The Interconnected Cycle of the Earth's System

Vegetation and soils at the land surface/lithosphere control how energy received from the Sun is returned to the atmosphere. Some is returned as long-wave (infrared) radiation, heating the atmosphere as the land surface warms. Some serves to evaporate water, either in the soil or in the leaves of plants, bringing water back into the atmosphere. Because the evaporation of soil moisture requires energy, soil moisture has a strong influence on the surface temperature. The texture of the land surface (its roughness) influences the atmosphere dynamically as winds blow over the land’s surface. Roughness is determined by both topography and vegetation.

Multiple Choice

Combined portions of the planet in which all of life exists, including land, water, and atmosphere.

• cryosphere

• lithosphere

• biosphere

• atmosphere

• hydrosphere

​The Interconnected Cycle of the Earth's System

The marine and terrestrial biospheres have a major impact on the atmosphere’s composition. The biota influence the uptake and release of greenhouse gases. Through the photosynthetic process, both marine and terrestrial plants (especially forests) store significant amounts of carbon from carbon dioxide. Thus, the biosphere plays a central role in the carbon cycle, as well as in the budgets of many other gases, such as methane and nitrous oxide.

​Climate Change or Global Warming?

Multiple Choice

The greenhouse effect is beneficial as it helps to sustain life on earth by naturally trapping heat in the atmosphere. 

• true

• false

• it depends

Multiple Choice

The enhanced greenhouse effect is the increase in global temperatures due to an increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases. 

• true

• false

Multiple Choice

During volcanic eruptions, large volumes of sulfur dioxide released into the atmosphere can work together with dust and ash to cause global cooling.

• true

• false

Volcanic Eruption Cooling Effect

​Nearly 20 million tons of sulfur dioxide were injected into the stratosphere in Pinatubo's 1991 eruptions, and dispersal of this gas cloud around the world caused global temperatures to drop temporarily (1991 through 1993) by about 1°F (0.5°C).

https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/1997/fs113-97/

Effects of Global Warming: The Happening

Multiple Choice

It comes from decaying and living organisms, released from volcanoes, and promotes the growth of plants in greenhouses.

• Nitrous

  oxide

• Water

  vapor

• Methane

• Carbon

  dioxide

Multiple Choice

A normal gas released from wetlands, growing rice, raising cattle, using natural gas, and mining coal.

• Methane

• Nitrous

  oxide

• Carbon

  dioxide

• Chlorofluorocarbons

Multiple Choice

It’s an artificially made gas and considered nonflammable. It contains atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine.

• Carbon

  dioxide

• Chlorofluorocarbons

• Water

  vapor

• Ozone

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a greenhouse gas?

• Nitrogen

• Water vapour

• Carbon dioxide

• Methane

​The Greenhouse Gases

Multiple Choice

How can Global Warming cause sea levels to rise?

• by causing it to rain more often.

• by melting glaciers and ice caps.

• by creating bigger and more powerful hurricanes.

• by increasing the number of undersea volcanic eruptions.

​Deadly Diseases Hidden in Ice are Waking Up

Long-dormant bacteria and viruses, trapped in ice and permafrost for centuries, are reviving as Earth's climate warms. Throughout history, humans have existed side-by-side with bacteria and viruses. From the bubonic plague to smallpox, we have evolved to resist them, and in response they have developed new ways of infecting us. We have had antibiotics for almost a century, ever since Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin. In response, bacteria have responded by evolving antibiotic resistance.

Climate change is melting permafrost soils that have been frozen for thousands of years, and as the soils melt, they are releasing ancient viruses and bacteria that have lain dormant, and now are springing back to life. The bacteria were trapped inside small, fluid pockets of the crystals, but once they were removed, they are revived and they begin multiplying.​

https://www.straitstimes.com/world/europe/diseases-hidden-in-ice-are-waking-up-as-earths-climate-warms

Open Ended

Do you think the world and our government are ready for possible outbreaks of diseases caused by these revived bacteria and viruses in the near future? What do you think should the government do to prepare the country and the people for possible disastrous and deadly events?