Citation Machine

Citation Practice
CMM 1200: Public Speaking

When you use information from a source without directly quoting it, you will need a citation:
- in APA, you will usually include an in-text citation after the bulk of the paraphrased information
- in your references section

When paraphrasing

When you take a direct quote from your source, you will need a citation:
- directly after the information (in-text citation)
- in your references section

When directly quoting (including using photos/graphics from an outside source)

Let's Review: When are Citations Needed?

Let's Review: What are the Different Types of Citations?

In-text citations

Where would I put this?
Directly after quoted or paraphrased information on your outline or visual aid.

Where can I find more specific APA guidelines based on my source type (ex. book, journal article, website, etc.)?
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citatio
n/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/in
_text_citations_the_basics.html

What would some examples look like?

The author argues that "purple is the best color because it is a mixture of red and blue" (Jones, 2013). <- Directly quoted information

According to a National Geographic article, pink panthers do not actually exist in the wild (National Geographic, 2018). <- Paraphrased information

Let's Review: What are the Different Types of Citations?

Verbal citations

Where would I put this?
A written verbal citation would likely be on your speaking outline and your preparation outline, and you would also say it out loud after your quoted or paraphrased information in your speech.

What do I need to say out loud?
You should include at least 2 pieces of important identifying information, such as author's name, date published, title of article/source), etc.

What would some examples look like?

"Dr. Joy Smith, a professor at Harvard Law, conducted a study in 2020. Her findings suggested..."

"A 2023 report from the Pew Research Center highlighted the difference between..."

"According to an article released by the World Health Organization titled '2020: A Year in Review,' COVID-19 cases increased..."

Let's Review: What are the Different Types of Citations?

Reference list citations

Where would I put this?
Your full APA citations will be a part of your "references" section of your preparation outline or visual aid.

Where can I find more specific APA guidelines for writing full references?
https://owl.purdue.edu/owl/research_and_citatio
n/apa_style/apa_formatting_and_style_guide/r
eference_list_basic_rules.html

What would some examples look like?

Adams, T., & Kopelman, S. (2022). Remembering
COVID-19: Memory, crisis, and social media.
Media, Culture & Society, 44(2), 226–285.
https://doi.org/10.1177/01634437211048377

Kirk, C. P., & Rifkin, L. S. (2021). When physical
closeness induces psychological distance: The
effects of psychological ownership and
contagion threat on social connectedness.
Journal of Consumer Behavior, 21(2), 339–351.

*Note capitalization, en dashes, punctuation, etc.

Let's practice some citations

Fill in the Blanks

Write an in-text citation for this source:

Li, M. (2022). Visual social media and Black activism: Exploring how using Instagram

influences Black activism orientation and racial identity ideology among Black

Americans. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 99(3), 718–741.

https://doi.org/10.1177/10776990221108644

Open Ended

Write a verbal citation for this source:

Phillips, K. R. (2010). The failure of memory: Reflections on rhetoric and public remembrance.

Western Journal of Communication, 74(2), 208–223.

Hotspot

Click on the spot where an in-text citation should be.

Multiple Choice

A student gives the following verbal citation:

"According to CBS, over one million people tuned in to watch the finale of Big Brother season 25."

Did the student give enough reference information in their citation?

• Yes

• No