Genetic Coding and Protein Synthesis Lesson

Gene Expression: the process by which a gene gets turned on in a cell to make RNA and proteins. ​

Protein Synthesis

Identify the steps of protein synthesis including genes, transcription and translation

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Win for the Day!

Open Ended

Why do YOU think DNA is stored and kept only in the nucleus?

Drag and Drop

Label the following parts identified on the DNA strand:

A. ​

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B: ​ ​

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C: ​

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D: ​

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Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

hydrogen bonds

phosphate group

Deoxyribose sugar

Nitrogen base

Multiple Select

DNA and RNA are both nucleic acids. What are some differences between DNA and RNA?

Select THREE correct answers.

• DNA is double-stranded and RNA is single-stranded

• DNA contains all of your genetic information, and RNA contains none

• RNA is a much more complex molecule than DNA

• DNA is much more complex in structure and function than RNA

• RNA base is Uracil, DNA base is Thymine

​

​

​

​

​

​Autosomes:

• 1-22

​Sex Chromosome

• 23

Drag and Drop

Pairs of Chromosomes are found in the ​

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.

​

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are made up of DNA, the hereditary material in humans and most other organisms.

The hereditary information in DNA is stored as a code of four ​

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.

Specific sections of the DNA are called ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

Nucleus

Chromosomes

nitrogen bases

genes

Fill in the Blanks

The hereditary information in DNA is stored as a code of four

.

Multiple Choice

Specific sections of DNA are called - ____

• gene

• RNA

• chromosome

• trait

Identify the steps of protein synthesis including genes, transcription and translation

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​

​

​

​Genotype: specific combo of alleles for a given gene

Phenotype: physical manifestation of the organism's genotype

​

Drag and Drop

Each gene along a strand of DNA has the information to tell the cell to produce a specific ​

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. A gene is made up of a particular ​

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of DNA bases. This sequence acts as a ​

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for a protein.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

protein

sequence

code

Dropdown

Vocabulary:



​

Select answer

: an inherited characteristic produced by different proteins

​

Select answer

: genes that exist in alternate forms

​

Select answer

: made of DNA and are the hereditary material in humans

​Remember: Location is Key

• Eukaryotic cells: Transcription occurs in the nucleus

• Prokaryotic Cells: all processes happen in the cytoplasm

​Central Dogma of Biology: theory that genetic info. flows in one direction (linear)

​DNA: universal language

RNA: language of proteins (translates)

Multiple Choice

In Eukaryotic cells, the process of transcription occurs in the __________.

• Nucleus

• Cytoplasm

• Ribosome

• Mitochondria

Multiple Choice

In Prokaryotic cells, the process of transcription occurs in the __________.

• Nucleus

• Cytoplasm

• Ribosome

• Mitochondria

Identify the steps of protein synthesis including genes, transcription and translation

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The Win for the Day

Transcription

DNA strand transcribed into a messenger RNA strand

​RNA Polymerase = DNA Polymerase

• binds the nucleotides to form mRNA

• unwinds DNA and exposes a sequence/gene

• recognizes start site of a gene

​(done by RNA polymerase)

​3 major types of RNA produced:

1. mRNA (messenger): intermediate message translated to a protein

2. rRNA (ribosomal): forms part of ribosomes

3. tRNA (transfer): brings amino acids from cytoplasm to a ribosome to make protein

​ A - U

T - A

G - C

C - G

A - U

T - A

G - C

C - G

​DNA

​RNA

Match

Match the following DNA bases to their corresponding RNA bases.

• Adenine

• Thymine

• Guanine

• Cytosine

Uracil

Adenine

Cytosine

Guanine

• Uracil

• Adenine

• Cytosine

• Guanine

Match

Match the following DNA bases to their corresponding RNA bases.

• G

• T

• A

• C

C

A

U

G

• C

• A

• U

• G

​exits through nuclear envelope/ nuclear pores

​nuclear pore

​nuclear envelope

Multiple Choice

What is created from the process of transcription?

• mRNA

• tRNA

• rRNA

• gRNA

Multiple Choice

Transcription occurs in which organelle?

• ribosome

• nucleus

• mitochondria

• chloroplast

Multiple Choice

After the completion of mRNA, the strand exits the nucleus and enters the cytoplasm at the ribosome to begin which process?

• DNA Replication

• Transcription

• Translation

• Photosynthesis

Drag and Drop

To make a ​

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, a gene's DNA sequence is ​

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to a strand of ​

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. RNA is ​

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into chains of ​

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by ribosomes, and a protein is formed.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

protein

transcribed

RNA

translated

amino acids

Identify the steps of protein synthesis including genes, transcription and translation

​We Will...

The Win for the Day

Exit Ticket

Complete the "Investigate Transcription" by transcribing both DNA strands, and completing the questions on the second page:
1. What is the function of a gene?
2. List the sequence of steps in the process of Transcription.
3. Write the mRNA strand that is produced during transcription of the DNA sequence below.

Translation

mRNA strand translated into a protein

Warm Up:

1. Transcribe AGCTACT: __________

2. Transcribe CTAATGC: __________

3. Location of Transcription: ____________

4. Location of Translation: _____________

Identify the steps of protein synthesis including genes, transcription and translation

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​Transcription: occurs in the nucleus

Translation: occurs in the cytoplasm at the ribosome

(​assembly line)

​= words

• made of 3 letters

• language of proteins, uses 20 amino acids

​ribosome

​The ribosomes form a peptide bond between the 2 amino acids and break the bond between the first tRNA and its amino acid.

​the ribosome pulls the mRNA the length of one codon

Drag and Drop

Three sequential mRNA bases form a ​

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for a particular ​

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. Each triplet is called a ​

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.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

triplet code

amino acid

codon

Drag and Drop

Each time a tRNA ​

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and codon pair, an ​

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is added to a chain that eventually forms a specific ​

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.

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anticodon

amino acid

protein

Drag and Drop

​

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: forms part of ribosomes, cell's protein factories

​ ​

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: brings amino acids from cytoplasm to a ribosome to help make growing proteins.

​

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: intermediate message that is translated to form a protein

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

rRNA

tRNA

mRNA

Identify the steps of protein synthesis including genes, transcription and translation

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​1st letter

​2nd letter

​3rd letter

Example:
AUG

Example:
CAA

Fill in the Blanks

Find the amino acid that corresponds to the following codon:

UAA

Fill in the Blanks

Find the amino acid that corresponds to the following codon:

ACC

Fill in the Blanks

Find the amino acid that corresponds to the following codon:

GUU

Identify the steps of protein synthesis including genes, transcription and translation

​We Will...

Win for the Day

Exit Ticket:

​Complete "Pause and Review" worksheet over amino acids and codons, then complete the 2 exit ticket questions on back:
1. What are the roles of mRNA and tRNA?
2. Why do you think it is important that DNA remains in the nucleus of a cell?

Identify the steps of protein synthesis including genes, transcription and translation

​We Will...

The Win for the Day