Mutations Review & Mendelian Genetics

Mutations Review
&
Mendelian genetics

By TalaShandria Allen

Warm-up (do now)

Constructed response

Write the following question (on the next slide) and your response on your constructed response sheet. You will have 3 min to complete this task. After 3 minutes, we will have 1:30 minutes to share with our table. Be sure to pick a spokesperson for your group.

Warm-up (do now)

Constructed response questions

What is the difference between a chromosomal mutation and a point (gene) mutation. Which point(gene) mutation is the most lethal and why?

mutations review

Lets see what you remember from our previous lesson. All questions are timed so be sure to lock in your answers. All mutation notes should be put away.

​SWBAT:

• identify and describe the different gene and chromosome mutations through analyzing diagrams and scenarios.

• use codon charts/wheels to transcribe and translate gene sequences in order to analyze the effect the mutation has on the amino acid sequence.

​LEARNING OBJECTIVES

Multiple Choice

A mutation is defined as:

• A change in the cell's structure

• Anything that changes in an embryo

• Any change in the physical features of a human

• A change in the DNA sequence

Match

Match the chromosome mutation with its picture

• answer option

Deletion

Duplication

Translocation

Inversion

• Deletion

• Duplication

• Translocation

• Inversion

Multiple Choice

Which mutation would be more harmful for an organism?

• Point mutation (substitution)

• Frameshift (insertion/Deletion)

Multiple Choice

Why would a frameshift be more harmful?

• It changes all the code downstream

• Only one nucleotide is changing

• All mutations are harmful

• It can't correct iself

Multiple Choice

THE BIG FAT RED CAT SAT is normal, what is this:

THE BIG FAT RED ATS AT

• Substitution

• Insertion

• Deletion

Multiple Choice

What mutation has occurred here?

T-G-A-C-C-A

T-G-A-G-C-A

• Substitution

• Deletion

• Insertion

• Frameshift

Multiple Choice

Which mutation will cause translation to stop?

• Mutations 1 and 3 only

• Mutation 1 only

• Mutation 2 only

• Muations 1, 2, 3

​ON CANVAS, YOU HAVE A REINFORCEMENT HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT ON QUIZIZZ OVER PROTEIN SYNTHESIS & MUTATIONS. BE SURE TO GET IT COMPLETED.

​END OF Review LESSON

MENDELIAN GENETICS:
COMPLETE DOMINANCE

LESSON MATERIALS

For this lesson you will need:

• ​Note-taking handout

• Highlighters/color pens, etc

• Pencil/pen

• Laptop

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

SWBAT:

1. identify and define the terms associated with understanding and completing monohybrid crosses for complete dominance inheritance patterns in Mendelian Genetics

2. predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations using monohybrid crosses using Mendelian Genetics complete dominance inheritance patterns.

ENGAGE: CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE

Write the following question (on the next slide) and your response on your constructed response sheet. You will have 3 min to complete this task. After 3 minutes, we will have 1:30 minutes to share with our table. Be sure to pick a spokesperson for your group.

ENGAGE: CONSTRUCTED RESPONSE QUESTION

What are genes and how do we get them? Our genes are expressed as which major biomolecule?

DNA is the molecule that carries instructions for life, genes are specific sections of DNA that determine traits, and chromosomes are structures made of DNA that hold many genes and help organize them in cells.

​

Genes, DNA, & The Chromosome

​LO#1

Gregor Mendel- a monk and mathematician

• known as Father of Genetics

• studied thousands of pea plants and came up with the basic ideas of simple genetics (simple dominance and simple recessiveness)

• His experiments led him to conclude that each trait was controlled by two factors

• Concluded that traits were only either dominant or recessive and that there was no blending of traits-complete dominance

​What is Genetics?

• Genetics is the study of heredity, which is the passing of traits from one generation to another: from parents to offspring

​LO#1

Turn to the person next you and explain what is genetics and the difference between DNA, genes, and chromosomes.

​

​Turn & Talk

​You have 1:30 minutes. If you have a table of 3, you will talk as a table.

​LO#1

Alleles are different possibilities forms for a given trait.

• Every trait has two alleles. One from mother and one from father.

• Ex: B, b, T, t, R, r -alleles for traits are represented by letters.

​Alleles?

Traits are specific characteristics that varies from one individual to another.

• Blue eyes

• Brown hair

• Tall

Traits?

What is the difference between Traits and alleles?

​LO#1

The trait that is hidden. An organism with a recessive allele combination will only exhibit that trait when the dominant allele isn't present.

• Represented by a lowercase letter " r "

Recessive

The trait that can be seen due to the gene being expressed the most

• Alleles are represented by a capital letter "R"

Dominant

Dominant vs Recessive Traits & Alleles

*​Letters are chosen based on the Dominant trait and the letter it starts with.

​LO#1

​LO#1

​LO#1

​LO#1

Match

Match the following terms.

• Trait that can always be seen and is expressed the most

• Trait that is masked by a dominant trait

• Specific characteristics

• Different forms of a gene

Dominant trait

Recessive trait

Traits

Allele

• Dominant trait

• Recessive trait

• Traits

• Allele

Match

Match the terms to the correct example.

• Dominant

• Recessive

• Alleles

T

t

B,b,T,R,r,E,e

• T

• t

• B,b,T,R,r,E,e

Open Ended

If you are solving genetics problems, you must assign letters to represent the alleles for the traits. If you are working with eye color and Brown is dominant and blue is recessive, what will the letter be to represent the dominant and recessive alleles?

​Genotypes
vs
Phenotypes

Genotype: The genetic makeup of an organism. The gene (or allele) combination an organism has.

• Examples: Tt, SS, Bb, aa

Phenotype: The physical characteristics of an organism

• Examples: Tall or short, Straight hair or wavy hair...

​LO#1

Homozygous vs Heterozygous

Homozygous - Term used to refer to an organism that has two IDENTICAL alleles for a particular trait. Considered as purebred! EXAMPLE: TT or tt
HOMOZYGOUS Dominant- TT
HOMOZYGOUS Recessive- tt

Heterozygous - Term used to refer to an organism that has two DIFFERENT alleles for a particular trait. Considered as hybrids or carriers.

EXAMPLE: Tt

​LO#1

Multiple Choice

Identify the homozygous dominant genotype:

• FF

• Ff

• ff

Multiple Choice

Which of these is homozygous recessive?

• Rr

• RR

• Ba

• bb

Multiple Choice

An organism's physical appearance or visible traits. (what it looks like)

• phenotype

• genotype

Multiple Choice

An organism's allele combination for its traits.

• phenotype

• genotype

Multiple Choice

In pea plants, the tall allele is dominant to the short allele. What key would demonstrate this?

• Tall = T

  Short = S

• Tall = t

  Short = T

• Tall = T

  Short = t

• Tall = TT

  Short = tt

​Now that we have learned Learning Objective 1:

identify and define the terms associated with understanding and completing monohybrid crosses for complete dominance inheritance patterns in Mendelian Genetics..........
Now it's time for us to move on to Learning Objective 2:

predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations using monohybrid crosses using Mendelian Genetics complete dominance inheritance patterns.

​LO#2

Think-Pair-Share​
On your note-taking sheet, you will have a 1:30 minutes to write down the things you notice about this Punnett Square. Then you will have 1:30 minutes to pair up with the person next to you and share. If you have a table of 3, you will be a trio.

​LO#2

​LO#2

​Genotypic Ratios are always written in the following order:
# Homozygous Dom : #Heterozygous : # Homozygous Recessive

​How to Write Genotypic & Phenotypic Ratios

​Phenotypic Ratios are always written in the following order:
# Dominant appearance : # Recessive appearance

Sometimes it can be written as a percentage or fraction. Example: 1/4 or 25% 1/2 or 50% Each box is 25%.

​LO#2

​Look at the following example. Notice how the ratios are written.

​LO#2

Multiple Choice

In a certain species of plant, the color purple (P) is dominant to the color white (p). One parent is heterozygous dominant and the other parent is homozygous dominant.
What is the probability of an offspring being white?

• 25%
• 0%
• 100%
• 50%

Multiple Choice

In a certain species of plant, the color purple (P) is dominant to the color white (p). One parent is heterozygous dominant and the other parent is homozygous dominant.
What is the genotypic ratio?

• 2:2:0

• 2:0:1

• 3:1
• 1:2:1

Multiple Choice

In a certain species of plant, the color purple (P) is dominant to the color white (p). One parent is heterozygous dominant and the other parent is homozygous recessive.
What is the probability of an offspring being purple?

• 25%
• 0%
• 100%
• 50%

Multiple Select

In a certain species of plant, the color purple (P) is dominant to the color white (p). One parent is heterozygous dominant and the other parent is homozygous recessive.
What is the phenotypic ratio?

• 2:2

• 3:1

• 1:1

• 2:1

Multiple Choice

What allele combination should go in the missing box?

• aa

• AA

• Aa

• None

Multiple Choice

What is the phenotype of the offspring? (A-Brown hair; a-blond hair) 

• 50 % Brown Hair and 50% Blond Hair 

• 75 % Brown Hair and 25% Blond Hair 

• 25 % Brown Hair and 75% Blond Hair 

• 0% Brown Hair and 100% Blond Hair 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following genotypes is heterozygous?

• GG

• hh

• T

• Aa

Match

Match the following.

• genes are the same

• genes are different

• T - tall

• t - short

• the study of heredity

homozygous

heterozygous

dominant allele

recessive allele

genetics

• homozygous

• heterozygous

• dominant allele

• recessive allele

• genetics

Match

Match the following

• homozygous dominant genes

• heterozygous dominant genes

• homozygous recessive genes

• genetic material of an orgnism (DNA)

• physical characteristics of an organism

AA

Hh

bb

genotype

phenotype

• AA

• Hh

• bb

• genotype

• phenotype

Multiple Choice

T - tall and t = short
In the punnett square below, what belongs in the missing square

• tt
• Tt
• Bb
• TT

Multiple Choice

How many boxes would say BB?

• 1
• 2
• 4
• 0

Multiple Choice

What is the genotypic ratio represented by the punnett square?

• 1:1

• 3:1

• 1:3

• 1:2:1

Multiple Choice

The genotypic ratio here is

• 25% blue eye 75 % brown eye 
• BB = 25% Bb = 50% bb = 25%
• BB= 50 % bb = 50%
• All brown eye

​PUT AWAY ALL NOTES AND PREPARE FOR YOUR DOL. NO OTHER TABS SHOULD BE OPEN ON YOUR LAPTOP. THE JOIN CODE WILL BE DISPLAYED AT THE END OF THE TIMER.

​END OF LESSON