DNA, RNA, and Genetics

DNA, RNA, and Genetics

By Nikki Buse

DNA and RNA Review

DNA Replication

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Transcription and Translation

Pedigrees

by Amber Smith

DNA - Deoxyribonucleic Acid

• DNA molecules consist of small units called nucleotides. 

  Several Million nucleotides make up one strand of DNA.

• DNA is what carried our genes

• Our genes cannot be translated until mRNA leaves the nucleus, goes to the ribosome, and makes proteins

• DNA's purpose is to make proteins

• But it has to go through multiple steps before it can do that

• DNA stays in the nucleus (it cannot leave), which is the purpose of mRNA, it is able to leave the nucleus

Multiple Choice

What does A indicate?

• A male that has the trait.

• A female that has the trait.

• A female that does not have the trait.

• A male that does not have the trait.

Multiple Choice

What does B indicate?

• line that indicates someone likes each other

• line that indicates a marriage

• line that indicates a relationship of parents and children

• A male that does not have the trait.

Transcription

• Happens after replication

• Transcription happens in the nucleus of the cell

• It use the RNA polymerase during replication to attach RNA nucleotides

• The end result is an mRNA strand

Multiple Choice

How many generations are represented in the pedigree?

• 2

• 3

• 4

• 5

Multiple Choice

In the diagram, individual III-3 indicates

• a female with no freckles

• a male with no freckles

• a male with freckles

• a female with freckles

Multiple Choice

In the diagram, individual II-1 indicates

• a female with no freckles

• a male with no freckles

• a male with freckles

• a female with freckles

Replication is the process DNA uses for making a copy of itself.

Multiple Choice

What is the Genotype of individual I-1?

• FF

• Ff

• ff

• Can't know for sure

Multiple Choice

What is the Genotype of individual II-6?

• FF

• Ff

• ff

• Can't know for sure

Multiple Choice

What is the Genotype of individual III-2?

• FF

• Ff

• ff

• Can't know for sure

RNA

RNA is single stranded

A pairs with U

G pairs with C

Nucleotides

• Phosphate group + sugar + nitrogen base = one nucleotide 

  
  

Open Ended

What type of RNA is produced in transcription?

The reason DNA must be copied is to make new cells for

• Growth

• Cell repair

• Reproduction

Multiple Choice

Which enzyme is responsible for matching the mRNA bases to the DNA template during transcription?

• DNA Ligase

• Ligase

• DNA Polymerase

• RNA Polymerase

The Double Helix

-First discovered by Rosalind Franklin

-Francis Crick and James Watson got the credit

Multiple Choice

Which RNA bases would pair with TACGAA in transcription?

• AUGCUU

• ATGCTT

• GCATCC

• GCAUCC

Trillions of new cells are needed for a human to grow to adulthood.

Each new cell requires new DNA.

​https://youtu.be/CL4z9HUI2IY

Multiple Choice

What process is occurring in this photo?

• Transcription

• Translation

• mRNA is matching with amino acids

• tRNA is transcribing the DNA

So why was the discovery of the Double Helix important?

Multiple Choice

What do we call the process of turning DNA into mRNA?

• Translation

• Transcription

• Replication

Video Segments

There are three video segments. To play each one, click on the video to start.

Translation

Happens in the cytoplasm

The mRNA strand moves out of the nucleus to the cytoplasm.

The ribosomes (rRNA) attach the mRNA and read the codons to make proteins

The tRNA moves the anticodon to attach the proper proteins

Base Pairing

Multiple Select

Check all associated with mRNA

• made in the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm to make proteins

• happens in the cytoplasm

• attaches to ribosomes

• has codons

• has anticodons

Multiple Select

Check all associated with tRNA

• made in the nucleus and moves to the cytoplasm to make proteins

• happens in the cytoplasm to bring the right proteins

• attaches to ribosomes

• has codons

• has anticodons

RNA

• For DNA to translate to proteins, mRNA must be transcribed

• every three nucleotides of mRNA = one amino acid

• RNA is single stranded

Multiple Choice

What would be the tRNA anticodon for the mRNA codon CAG?

• GTC
• GUC
• CUG
• CAG

Replication happens in interphase.

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Cells spend the majority of their time in interphase.

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​Interphase

Multiple Choice

Which phase of which process does this picture show?

• Transcription
• Translation
• Replication

The Central Dogma of Life

Multiple Choice

Which phrase best describes translation?

• converts mRNA into a polypeptide
• catalyzes bonds between amino acids
• produces RNA from DNA molecules
• recycles tRNA molecules for reuse

Multiple Choice

The purpose of replication is to

• eliminate DNA

• make more DNA

• change the DNA

Multiple Choice

What would be the tRNA anticodon for the mRNA codon CAG?

• GTC
• GUC
• CUG
• CAG

Multiple Choice

What is the function of mRNA?

• carry DNA's instructions to the ribosome

• transport amino acids to ribosome

• unknown

• make a message of DNA

Multiple Choice

Translation takes place in the

• ribosome

• chloroplast

• nucleus

• mitochondria

Multiple Choice

Where does replication happen in human cells?

• the cell membrane

• the ribosome

• the nucleus

How mRNA make the protein?

mRNA from the nucleus is brought to the ribosome to make proteins/amino acid/polypeptides

Multiple Choice

What holds the nitrogen bases together?

• covalent bonds

• peptide bonds

• nitrogen bonds

• hydrogen bonds

A with U

G with C

T is A

DNA: ATG

mRNA: UAC

Codon/protein: Tyr

tRNA which brings the protein not make it would be AUG

Multiple Choice

When does replication happen?

• mitosis

• cell division

• interphase

Fill in the Blanks

Multiple Choice

What does cytosine pair with in DNA?

• adenine

• uracil

• thymine

• guanine

Multiple Choice

What is the RNA complimentary sequence to ATGCAT

• TACGTA

• UACGUA

• TACTGT

• AUGGTA

Multiple Choice

The purpose of enzymes is to

• slow down reactions

• speed up reactions

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT a part of a nucleotide?

• ribosome

• nitrogen base

• phosphate

• deoxyribose

Multiple Choice

The enzyme that unzips DNA by breaking hydrogen bonds is

• ligase

• helicase

• DNA polymerase

• primase

Multiple Choice

What are the building blocks of DNA?

• ribosomes

• amino acids

• nucleotides

• nucleic acids

Multiple Choice

DNA polymerase is called "the builder" because it

• digs a foundation

• makes new strands of DNA

• breaks hydrogen bonds

Multiple Choice

What is the DNA complementary sequence for ATGCGAT

• TACGCTA

• ATGCGAT

• CGTACTA

• UTACTAU

Multiple Choice

What would be the mRNA Strand for the following DNA Strand:

C-A-T

• G-U-A

• G-C-A

• G-C-T

• G-C-U

Multiple Select

Which of the following are the correct pairings of DNA nucleotides?

• A-T

• A-C

• C-T

• C-G

Multiple Choice

What would be the complimentary DNA Strand for the following:

C-G-T

• C-G-T

• G-C-U

• G-C-A

• C-G-U

Multiple Choice

The bonds that join the DNA nucleotides and that can easily be broken for replication are

• nitrogen bonds

• hydrogen bonds

• oxygen bonds

Multiple Choice

Which scientists developed the double helix model of the DNA molecule?

• Hardy and Weinberg

• Watson and Crick

• Darwin and Lamarck

• Miller and Urey

Multiple Choice

Replication is called semi-conservative because

• Each new molecule contains part of the original DNA

• sometimes it conserves fuel

• DNA conserves ecosystems

Multiple Choice

What is the role of DNA in controlling cellular activity?

• DNA provides energy for all cell activities

• DNA determines which proteins are produced by the cell

• DNA is used by cells for the excretion of nitrogenous wastes

• DNA provides nucleotides for the construction of plasma membranes

Multiple Choice

The result of replication is two DNA molecules

• True

• False

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the correct order of molecules?

• DNA -> RNA -> Proteins
• Proteins -> DNA -> RNA
• RNA -> DNA -> Proteins
• There is no specific order of these molecules

Multiple Choice

Which molecule holds ALL of an organisms' genes ALL the time?

• DNA
• RNA

Multiple Choice

In Eukaryotic cells, where is DNA ALWAYS located?

• Cytoplasm
• Nucleus
• Outside of the cell
• DNA is always moving around