BIOLOGY EOC REVIEW

​Conclusion: Should include sharing with your Peers (other scientists)

BOTH Theories and Laws

• Are viewed as scientific facts

• Can be adjusted if new information is discovered

• Are formed from rigorous testing, observations, and support from the scientific community

​THEORY EXPLAINS WHY SOMETHING HAPPENS (HASN'T BEEN PROVED)

LAW TELLS WHAT WILL HAPPEN

Identifying Variables, Control and Experimental Groups

​

Independent Variable

• Controlled by experimenter

• Can be changed or manipulated by the experimenter

• Not affected by dependent variable

How to Identify Independent Variable (Cause)

• Ask questions

• What's different in the experiment?

• What's being tested?

• What's causing the effect?

Multiple Choice

Melissa wanted to know if he could get her flowers to grow, so she planted flowers and watered them daily, then measured the plant height two weeks later. What is causing the change you want to see in the experiment?

​ ​ ​

• independent variable

• dependent variable

• constant

• controlled variable

Constant

• Does not change

• Stays the SAME

• For example: same height, same amount of water are constants

Dependent Variable

• Responds to independent variable

• Is measured in an experiment or study

Multiple Choice

A plant receives the same amount of sunlight and water at the same time each day. What is the constant?

• different amount of sunlight

• different plant

• same amount of sunlight, water and same time

How to Identify the Dependent Variable (Effect)

• Ask questions

• What is responding to the cause?

• What is being measured?

Experimental Group

• Receives treatment or test material

• For example: One plant receives fertilizer

• Fertilizer is the test material, so this plant is the experimental group.

Joshua believed that fertilizer will make the plant grow faster, so he treated one plant with fertilizer and the other plant did not receive fertilizer.

Multiple Choice

Howard believed that fertilizer will make the plant grow faster, so he treated one plant with fertilizer and the other plant did not receive fertilizer. What is the experimental group?

• plant receiving fertilizer

• plant not receiving fertilizer

• plant receiving water because it needs water to grow

Control Group

• Does not receive the treatment or test material

• For example: One plant does not receive fertilizer

• Not receiving the fertilizer makes this plant the control group

Multiple Choice

What is the dependent variable? Hint: What was measured?

• the fertilizer

• plant growth

• Desmontae

Multiple Choice

Angel believed that fertilizer will make the plant grow faster, so he treated one plant with fertilizer and the other plant did not receive fertilizer. What is the control group?

• plant receiving fertilizer

• plant not receiving fertilizer

• Angel believing the plant will grow faster

Properties of

Water!

​HELD TOGETHER BY HYDROGEN BONDS

Multiple Choice

What is the ratio of hydrogen atoms to oxygen atoms in water? (H2O)

• 1:1

• 2:2

• 1:2

• 2:1

Multiple Choice

Simply put, Cohesion is water attracted to _____.

• oil

• glass

• water

• other objects

Multiple Choice

Cohesion help water form

• water droplets

• steam

• ice

• a solution

Multiple Choice

Simply put, adhesion is water being attracted to

• water

• oil

• surfaces it is in contact with

• clouds

Multiple Choice

When measuring water in a tube, adhesion creates a ________ which creates a visual curve downward inside the measuring container.

• dip

• meniscus

• drop

• vortex

Multiple Choice

The force of ______________ helps things like bugs be able to walk on water

• adhesion

• freezing

• surface tension

• melting

Multiple Select

Which two forces allows for water to be transported up and down a plant so that all of its cells can get water?

• Cohesion

• Transpiration

• Evaporation

• Adhesion

Multiple Choice

Which part of the solution does the dissolving?

• solute

• solution

• solvent

Multiple Choice

Which part of the solution is dissolved?

• solute

• solution

• solvent

What the pH Scale is and How to Read It

Multiple Choice

The pH scale goes from

• 0-7

• 7-14

• 0-14

Multiple Choice

On the pH scale, acidic solutions have a pH of

• 0 - 6.9

• 7

• 7.1 - 14

Multiple Choice

On the pH scale, basic solutions have a pH of

• 0 - 6.9

• 7

• 7.1 - 14

Multiple Choice

On the pH scale, neutral solutions have a pH of

• < 7

• 7

• > 7

Multiple Choice

A solution with a pH of 9.5 would be

• acidic

• neutral

• basic

Multiple Choice

A solution with a pH of 3.2 would be

• acidic

• neutral

• basic

Multiple Choice

Pure H₂O has a pH of 7 so it is

• acidic

• neutral

• basic

Multiple Choice

Which pH value below would be the most acidic?

• 2.7

• 0

• 6.9

• 7

• 14

Multiple Choice

Which pH value below would be the most basic?

• 0

• 10.7

• 8.1

• 14

• 7.1

How Are Sharp and Sudden pH Changes Prevented?

Multiple Choice

pH buffers are used to

• create sharp / sudden changes in pH

• maintain pH at the exact same level at all times

• prevent sharp / sudden changes in pH

Multiple Choice

All polymers are made up of...

• monosaccharides

• monomers

• proteins

• None of these

Fill in the Blank

What is the monomer of carbohydrates?

Multiple Choice

What is the monomer of lipids

• Amino Acids

• Fatty Acids

• Monosaccharides

• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

What is the main function of lipids?

• Hold genetic information

• Variety of specific functions

• Stores excess energy

• Provide quick energy

Multiple Select

Which elements make up Nucleic Acids? Select all that apply

• Carbon

• Potassium

• Oxygen

• Hydrogen

• Nitrogen

Multiple Choice

Which biomolecule is found in pasta and bread, and is the source of short term energy?

• Lipids

• Nucleic acids

• Carbohydrates

• Proteins

Multiple Choice

Nucleotides are monomers of

• Carbohydrates

• Lipids

• Proteins

• Nucleic Acids

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule is shown?

• lipid

• protein

• nucleic acid

• carbohydrate

Multiple Choice

Which major macromolecule is being represented in this image? 

• carbohydrate

• lipid

• protein

• nucleic acid

Multiple Choice

Which macromolecule is being represented in the image?

• nucleic Acid

• lipid

• carbohydrate

• protein

What is a chemical reaction??

Define a Chemical Reaction

A process in which one or more elements or compounds are changed into compounds.

Sides of a reaction

- Reactants: The substances initially present in a chemical reaction that are consumed during the reaction.

- Products: The chemicals created in a chemical reaction.

Multiple Choice

What are the reactants of the chemical reaction?

Multiple Choice

What are the products of the chemical reaction?

Multiple Choice

Which side of the chemical reaction are the reactants found on?

• Left

• Right

Multiple Choice

Which side of the reaction are the products found on

• Left

• Right

Enzymes

Biological Catalysts

Enzymes are Biological Catalysts

• They are proteins

• Catalysts speed up chemical reactions

• Structure = Function: Enzymes are specific to their Substrate (reactants). Active site of the enzymes fits together with the substrate(s)

• Different reactions require different enzymes

Enzyme Specificity - The shape of the enzyme (structure) fits it's substrate (function)

The induced-fit model is the more accurate model

Multiple Choice

Enzymes are...

• nucleic acids
• proteins
• lipids
• carbohydrates

Multiple Choice

In the diagram, what is letter A? 

• product
• substrate
• enzyme-substrate complex
• active site

Multiple Choice

Any substance that is acted upon by an enzyme is called a(n)?

• Coenzyme
• Substrate
• Vitamin
• Polypeptide

Multiple Choice

What is a substance called if it speeds up a chemical reaction?

• reusable
• catalyst
• specific
• fragile

Enzymes speed up chemical reactions (Catalysts)

• Activation energy is the energy needed to start a chemical reaction.

• The less activation energy needed (smaller hill to climb) the faster the reaction will happen

• Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy

Multiple Choice

What will most likely happen if an appropriate enzyme is added to a chemical reaction? 

• The reaction rate will increase.
• The equilibrium of the reaction will be maintained. 
• The reaction rate will decrease.
• The reaction will stop. 

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best explains why enzymes are necessary for many cellular reactions?

• Enzymes supply the oxygen necessary for the reactions
•  Enzymes change reactants from solid to liquids during the reactions.
• The reactions take up too much space in the cell if the enzymes are missing.
• The reactions are too slow to meet the needs of the cell if enzymes are missing. 

Multiple Choice

The diagram below illustrates a biochemical process that occurs in organisms. What is another name for the substance labeled "catalyst"?

• Enzyme
• inorganic compound
• Hormone
• Antibody

Multiple Choice

The graph shows how enzymes affect reactions in cells. Which statement best summarizes the information shown in the graph?

• Enzymes increase the energy of the reactants.
• Enzymes decrease the energy level of the products.
• Enzyme decrease the activation energy of the reaction.
• Enzymes reverse the direction of the reaction.

Multiple Choice

Which enzyme is most efficient in a basic solution?

• A
• B

Multiple Choice

What happens when enzymes are heated to a high temperature?

• The enzymes die.
• The shapes of the enzyme are altered denature
• The enzymes' amino acid sequence changes.
• The enzymes remain the same

Multiple Choice

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from this graph?

• The optimum pH of the enzyme is 6.6.
  
• The optimum pH of the enzyme is 5.8
  
• The enzyme’s activity increases as pH increases 5.0 to 9.0
  
• The enzyme’s activity is greater around pH of 8.0 .
  

Biotic and abiotic factors

Many factors affect the environment both living and nonliving.

​

​Factors that affect the environment

The prefix bio- means "living" Biotic factors are any factors in an ecosystem that are alive or were once alive.

Biotic Factor

​Abiotic factors are factors that were never alive and could never be alive. They still affect the ecosystem, though.

​​Abiotic Factor

Multiple Select

Which spheres contain all of the H2O in the Earth System?

• Hydrosphere

• Geosphere

• Cryosphere

• Atmosphere

• Biosphere

Multiple Choice

• biotic

• abiotic

Multiple Choice

• biotic

• abiotic

Multiple Choice

• biotic

• abiotic

Multiple Choice

• biotic

• abiotic

Multiple Choice

• biotic

• abiotic

Multiple Choice

Living

• biotic

• abiotic

Multiple Choice

Dead

• Biotic

• Abiotic

EQ: How do Earth's Spheres influence each other?

The Earth System is all matter, energy, and processes in and on Earth. It can be divided into five main parts:

1. Geosphere

2. Hydrosphere

3. Cryosphere

4. Biosphere ​

5. Atmosphere

Notes: What is the Earth System?

The Geosphere is the solid non-living matter on Earth, from the core to the mountains. It is divided into 3 layers:

1. the crust

2. the mantle

3. the core

Notes: What is the Geosphere?

The Hydrosphere contains all of the liquid water in the Earth System, from the deepest reservoirs underground to the ocean to the clouds of condensation in the sky.

.

The Hydrosphere connects all of the Earth's Spheres through the Water Cycle.

The Water Cycle is the continuous movement of water through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and runoff.

Notes: What is the Hydrosphere?

Multiple Choice

What is the main driving source of energy for the water cycle?

• The Wind

• The Sun

• The conductive heat from the ground

• None of the above

Multiple Choice

The process when plants release water vapor from their leaves is called _____________.

• precipitation

• evaporation

• transpiration

• condensation

Multiple Choice

When water vapor is cooled and forms droplets of liquid water

• Condensation

• Evaporation

• Transpiration

• Runoff

Multiple Choice

Precipitation occurs because 

• the droplets evaporate in the air

• the droplets are too light for the air to hold

• the droplets are too heavy for the air to hold

The homogenous mixture of gases that we commonly refer to as air is the atmosphere. It consists of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen, and 1% of other gases.

It shields the Earth from radiation and insulates the Earth to regulate our temperature.

It is made up of four layers: The Troposphere (where we live and exist), the Stratosphere (where the Ozone layer is), the Mesosphere (where meteors burn up), and the Thermosphere (where the temperature increases because of the amount of solar radiation that it absorbs).

Notes: What is the Atmosphere?

Weather vs. Climate

Write in science journal.

Write definition in science journal.

​Ch. 4 Ecosystems

​

4.1 Energy, Producers and Consumers

​Primary Producers

Living things CANNOT create energy

​

Autotrophs: Organisms that capture energy from nonliving sources and convert it into forms living things can use.​

Primary producers: First producers of energy rich compounds that can be used later by other organisms.​

• All life depends on primary producers.​

​

​Energy from the Sun

Energy that powers most life on Earth comes from the sun

​

Photosynthesis: process used by autotrophs to capture light energy and use it to power chemical reactions.

​

Carbon dioxide + Water ----Light----> Glucose + Oxygen​

​

​Plants on land

​Algae in freshwater and saltwater

​Bacteria- Cyanobacteria

​Life Without Light

Some organisms can live in total darkness

​

Chemosynthesis: chemical energy is used to produce carbohydrates.​

​

Chemosynthetic primary consumers live in a variety of environments

Example: Ocean vents​

Multiple Choice

Organisms that can capture energy from inorganic materials and convert it into forms living cells can use.

• autotrophs

• chemotrophs

• heterotroph

• consumer

Multiple Choice

The process in which autotrophs use chemical energy to produce carbohydrates

• photosynthesis

• chemosynthesis

• heterosynthesis

• autotrophicsynthesis

Multiple Choice

process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches

• photosynthesis

• chemosynthesis

• heterosynthesis

• autotrophicsynthesis

Multiple Choice

first producer of energy-rich compounds that are later used by other organisms

• primary consumer

• primary producer

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a raw material of photosynthesis?

• carbon dioxide

• oxygen

• glucose

• sunlight

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a product of photosynthesis?

• oxygen

• water

• glucose

• all of these are products

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a place where chemosynthesizers exist?

• ocean vents

• volcanic vents

• mud of tidal flats

• surface water of freshwater lakes

​Consumers

Many organisms cannot get energy directly from the environment

​

Heterotrophs: Organisms that obtain food by consuming other living things.​

​

Consumers: Organisms that rely on other organisms for energy and nutrients.​

Subject | Subject

Some text here about the topic of discussion

​Types of Consumers

Carnivores: eat other animals

Herbivores: eat vegetation

Omnivores: eat both plants and animals

Scavengers: eat carcasses of dead animals

Decomposers: feed by chemically breaking down organic decaying matter​

Detritus: small pieces of dead and decaying plant and animal remains'

Detritivores: feed by consuming detritus and sometimes decomposers​

Subject | Subject

Some text here about the topic of discussion

Symbiosis and Food Webs

Symbiosis

a relationship between two organisms

Multiple Choice

I am a bat that lives in caves. At night, I fly around and locate moths to eat for nutrition.

• Commensalism

• Predation

• Mutualism

• Parasitism

Multiple Choice

Cleaner wrasse live in “cleaning stations” in a reef. They remove and eat parasites, dead tissue and mucous from reef fish, which helps reef fish stay healthy.

• Commensalism

• Mutualism

• Predation

• Parasitism

Multiple Choice

The cattle egret, a short bird found foraging in cattle herds, eats insects that have been disturbed when the cattle forage. It doesn’t affect the cattle, but the cattle egret depends on this food source.

• Commensalism

• Mutualism

• Parasitism

• Predation

Multiple Choice

Head lice live on small amounts of blood in the scalp. The host human feels itchiness in their hair as the lice bite and move around.

• Parasitism

• Predation

• Commensalism

• Mutualism

Food Webs

• Producers: autotrophs, perform photosynthesis

• Primary Consumers: heterotrophs, eat producers

• Secondary Consumers: heterotrophs, eat primary consumers

• Tertiary Consumers: heterotrophs, eat secondary consumers

• Decomposers: heterotrophs, break down dead organisms

Multiple Choice

What organism is a producer?

• Greenfly

• Plantain

• Rabbit

• Mouse

Multiple Choice

What organism is a primary consumer?

• Grasshopper

• Ladybird

• Dragonfly

• Frog

Multiple Select

Select two organisms that are competitors

• Mouse

• Rabbit

• Buzzard

• Frog

Multiple Choice

What will happen to the mouse population if the buzzard population increases?

• Mouse population will increase

• Mouse population will decrease

Multiple Choice

What will happen to the greenfly population if the butterfly population increases?

• Greenfly population will decrease

• Greenfly population will increase

Multiple Choice

Which types of organisms break down other organisms for food?

• Consumers

• Producers

• Decomposers

• Autotrophs

food chain

What is a food chain

• a sequence of organisms, each of which uses the next, 

• lower member of the sequence as a food source1

Important 

• •In a food chain each organism obtains energy from the one at the level below.

• •Plants are called producers because they create their own food through photosynthesis3

• Animals are consumers because they cannot create their own food

Four types of consumer

• •Herbivores: animals that eat only plants3

• Carnivores: animals that eat only other animals3

• Omnivores: animals that eat animals and plants3

• •Detritivores: Animals that eat dead materials and organic wastes 

Multiple Choice

What do Carnivores eat? 

• Plants ONLY 
• Animals ONLY
• Plants AND Animals

Multiple Choice

What do Herbivores eat? 

• Plants ONLY 
• Animals ONLY
• Plants AND Animals

Multiple Choice

What do Omnivores eat? 

• Plants ONLY 
• Animals ONLY
• Plants AND Animals

Multiple Choice

What is a consumer?

• Organism that creates their own food.

• Organism that eat other organisms for energy

• Organism that eat other dead organisms

Detritivore

• •Worms are common detritivores in many ecosystems including marshes

Fill in the Blank

Primary producers make up the ____ st trophic level

Fill in the Blank

Pyramids of energy show the relative amount of energy available at each _____ level of a food chain or web.

Fill in the Blank

Most remaining energy is released as _______.

Fill in the Blank

What do you multiply a number by to figure out 10% ?

Multiple Choice

What are the 3 main processes of the water cycle?

• Sublimation, filtration, absorption
• Condensation, evaporation, filtration
• Evaporation, condensation, precipitation
• Precipitation, runoff, infiltration

Multiple Choice

How is water cycled through the biosphere?

• Water is cycled through the biosphere by photosynthesis and respiration.
• Water is cycled through the biosphere only through rivers and lakes.
• Water is cycled through the biosphere by human consumption and waste.
• Water is cycled through the biosphere through evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, and runoff.

Multiple Choice

What do producers do within the carbon cycle?

• Producers consume organic matter to obtain carbon for growth.
• Producers release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere during respiration.
• Producers break down organic matter into carbon dioxide through decomposition.
• Producers absorb carbon dioxide and convert it into organic matter through photosynthesis.

Multiple Choice

What is the role of consumers within the carbon cycle?

• Consumers are the primary producers in the carbon cycle.
• Consumers release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere through respiration.

• Consumers do not interact with organic matter in the carbon cycle.
• Consumers absorb carbon dioxide during photosynthesis.

Multiple Choice

What is the role of decomposers within the carbon cycle?

• Decomposers only affect the nitrogen cycle.
• Decomposers produce oxygen through photosynthesis.
• Decomposers recycle carbon by breaking down dead matter.

• Decomposers store carbon in their bodies for long periods.

Multiple Choice

How are the carbon and oxygen cycles related in an ecosystem?

• Carbon and oxygen cycles are independent and do not interact.
• Photosynthesis releases carbon dioxide without using oxygen.
• Respiration occurs only in plants, not in animals.
• Photosynthesis and respiration, where plants and animals exchange carbon dioxide and oxygen.

Multiple Choice

How does bacteria contribute to the nitrogen cycle?

• Bacteria fixes nitrogen in the atmosphere.

• Bacteria convert sulfur into nitrogen compounds.
• Bacteria produce oxygen during photosynthesis.
• Bacteria decompose organic matter into carbon dioxide.

Multiple Choice

How do producers use nitrogen?

• Producers use nitrogen to synthesize proteins and nucleic acids essential for growth.
• Producers use nitrogen to absorb sunlight for growth.
• Producers use nitrogen to create carbon dioxide for respiration.
• Producers use nitrogen to produce energy through photosynthesis.

Multiple Choice

How do decomposers contribute to the nitrogen cycle?

• Decomposers break down organic matter and release nitrogen in the form of ammonium.

• Decomposers convert nitrogen gas into organic matter.
• Decomposers absorb nitrogen directly from the atmosphere.
• Decomposers prevent nitrogen from entering the soil.