chapter 2 intro

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the structure of human DNA?

• A single-stranded molecule

• A double helix resembling a spiral staircase

• A flat ribbon-like structure

• A triple helix

Open Ended

Why is understanding the chemical level of organization important in the study of anatomy and physiology?

Multiple Select

Which of the following elements are considered trace elements in the human body?

• Zinc

• Iron

• Oxygen

• Copper

Multiple Choice

Which element makes up the largest percentage of the human body by mass?

• Oxygen

• Carbon

• Hydrogen

• Nitrogen

Fill in the Blanks

The element with the symbol 'Na' is known as

.

Open Ended

Describe how electron shells are filled for hydrogen, helium, carbon, and neon, and explain the significance of filled electron shells.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes the process of ionic bonding as shown in the diagram?

• Sodium donates an electron to chlorine, forming oppositely charged ions that attract each other.

• Sodium and chlorine share electrons equally to form a molecule.

• Sodium and chlorine combine without any electron transfer.

• Chlorine donates an electron to sodium, forming a covalent bond.

Multiple Select

Which statements about covalent bonding are correct according to the diagram?

• Atoms share electrons to achieve stability.

• Covalent bonds can be single or double.

• Covalent bonds only occur between identical atoms.

• Double covalent bonds involve sharing two pairs of electrons.

Fill in the Blanks

In a water molecule, the oxygen atom is

negative compared to the hydrogen atoms.

Open Ended

Explain how hydrogen bonds form between water molecules and why they are considered weak compared to covalent bonds.

Multiple Choice

Which type of chemical reaction is represented by the equation: NOTE + BOOK → NOTEBOOK?

• Synthesis reaction

• Decomposition reaction

• Exchange reaction

• Combustion reaction

Multiple Choice

What is the main effect of an enzyme on a chemical reaction, as shown in the diagrams?

• It decreases the activation energy required for the reaction.

• It increases the energy of the reactants.

• It changes the products of the reaction.

• It stops the reaction from occurring.

Multiple Choice

Which process involves the removal of a water molecule to form a covalent bond between two monomers?

• Dehydration synthesis

• Hydrolysis

• Dissociation

• Neutralization

Open Ended

Explain how the dissociation of sodium chloride in water differs from the dissociation of acids and bases in water.

Multiple Select

Which of the following substances have a pH greater than 7?

• Baking soda

• Sea water

• Lemon juice

• Black coffee

Open Ended

Describe the structural difference between hexoses and pentoses, providing an example of each.

Fill in the Blanks

The monosaccharide with the formula C6H12O6 and commonly known as blood sugar is

.

Multiple Choice

Which two monosaccharides combine to form sucrose?

• Glucose and fructose

• Glucose and galactose

• Fructose and galactose

• Glucose and glucose

Multiple Choice

Which of the following polysaccharides is primarily used for energy storage in animals?

• Amylose

• Glycogen

• Cellulose

• Amylopectin

Multiple Choice

What is released as a byproduct when triglycerides are formed from glycerol and fatty acids?

• Oxygen

• Carbon dioxide

• Water

• Glucose

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about fatty acids are correct?

• Saturated fatty acid chains are straight.

• Unsaturated fatty acid chains are kinked.

• Saturated fatty acids contain double bonds.

• Unsaturated fatty acids contain at least one double bond.

Multiple Choice

Which component is found in all amino acids but not in fatty acids or polysaccharides?

• Carboxyl group

• Amino group

• Hydroxyl group

• Phosphate group

Open Ended

Explain how the structure of an amino acid allows it to form different proteins.

Fill in the Blanks

The bond that links two amino acids together is called a

bond.

Open Ended

How does understanding the structure of DNA help us better understand human anatomy and physiology?

Multiple Choice

What is the structure of human DNA commonly described as?

• A single helix

• A double helix

• A triple helix

• A linear strand