DLE1243(1) CRIME AND CRIMINAL JUSTICE

Multiple Choice

Why is the study of criminal justice important for law enforcement personnel?

• It replaces the need for legal advisors.

• It guarantees promotion in their career.

• It provides understanding of legal processes.

• It helps them win arguments in court.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST explains the rationale of studying criminal justice?

• To focus on punishment methods.

• To learn how to avoid being arrested.

• To strengthen law enforcement administration.

• To understand traffic laws.

Multiple Choice

Understanding the context of criminal justice helps law enforcement personnel to...

• Eliminate the need for evidence.

• Ensure faster court trials.

• Avoid attending training.

• Enforce laws effectively.

Multiple Choice

The word “crime” originated from the Latin word “crimen”. What does it mean?

• Punishment, prison, and court

• Authority, rule, and control

• Offence, sin, and wickedness

• Law, order, and fairness

Multiple Choice

The word “justice” originated from the Latin word “justus”. What is its meaning?

• Equality and fairness

• Power of the king

• Administration of law

• Mercy and forgiveness

Multiple Choice

Which of the following pairs is correct regarding the origin of words?

• Justice → Roman “Juris” → Meaning: Forgiveness

• Crime → Latin “Crimen” → Meaning: Equality and order

• Crime → Greek “Krimos” → Meaning: Punishment

• Justice → Latin “Justus” → Meaning: Administration of law

Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST defines crime?

• Any act that causes harm to another person.

• Any morally wrong behaviour, regardless of law.

• An action or omission that constitutes an offence.

• Any act disliked by society.

Multiple Choice

When can an act or omission be considered a crime?

• If it is published in newspapers as unlawful.

• If the majority of people find it offensive.

• If it is prohibited by law.

• If it is against cultural traditions.

Multiple Choice

Which element of crime refers to the “guilty mind or intention”?

• Prima Facie

• Habeas Corpus

• Mens Rea

• Actus Reus

Multiple Choice

Which element of crime refers to the “voluntary physical act or omission”?

• Mala Prohibita

• Ratio Decidendi

• Mens Rea

• Actus Reus

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT an element of crime?

• Mens Rea

• Actus Reus

• Punishment

• Trial

Match

Match the element of crime

• Mens Rea

• Actus Reus

• Punishment

• Violation

Intention to steal

Burn house down

Imprisonment

Penal C

• Intention to steal

• Burn house down

• Imprisonment

• Penal C

Multiple Choice

Mei Lin pushes her friend as a joke, but the friend falls and gets injured. She didn’t mean to cause harm.

Which element of crime will the court look at first?

• Mens Rea

• Actus Reus

• Punishment

• Violation

Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST defines justice?

• following traditions

• police authority to punish offenders

• being fair

• power to control others

Multiple Choice

Which is NOT importance of justice important in society?

• unfair favoritism and bias

• good values and moral conduct

• equal treatment for everyone

• wrongdoing is punished

Multiple Choice

Justice contributes to a harmonious society by...

• Eliminating the need for laws

• Guaranteeing that no one will ever commit crime

• Promoting equality in resolving disputes

• Allowing selective punishment

Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST illustrates “equitable distribution of goods” as an aspect of justice?

• Distribution based on favoritism.

• Only the powerful get access to resources.

• Resources are distributed fairly.

• Everyone gets the same salary regardless of work.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following scenarios shows justice being applied?

• A company promotes only relatives of the boss.

• A police officer arrests only people from one ethnic group.

• A school treats all students equally regardless of background.

• A judge gives a lighter sentence to a rich person than to a poor person for the same crime.

Match

Match the following scenario to importance of justice

• Same offence, same charge

• Disaster relief based on family size

• Cheating student sent to discipline board

• Hiring based on merit

• Settle dispute by listening to both sides

Equal treatement in law

Equitable distribution of goods

Punish wrongdoing

Impartiality

Harmonious society

• Equal treatement in law

• Equitable distribution of goods

• Punish wrongdoing

• Impartiality

• Harmonious society

Multiple Choice

Justice as harmony means...

• A system where punishment is more important than fairness.

• Everyone should have the same wealth.

• A proper relationship between people in a society.

• The government has total control over society.

Multiple Choice

A person’s soul achieves harmony when…

• Reason is ignored.

• Desire is suppressed completely.

• Spirit dominates all other aspects.

• Spirit, reason, and desire are in balance.

Multiple Choice

How does justice make an individual a good person in society?

• By allowing them to follow only their desires.

• By giving them immunity from punishment.

• By guiding them to contribute to societal harmony.

• By ensuring they always agree with others.

Multiple Choice

Murder is wrong in the context of justice as harmony because it...

• benefits only the offender.

• reduces population growth.

• destroys societal balance.

• is only a legal offence.

Multiple Choice

A just person in society is one who…

• is in favor of desire

• avoids responsibilities

• prioritizes personal gain

• acts for societal harmony

Multiple Choice

During a town hall, residents listen to each other respectfully, balancing their needs with the good of the whole community.

How does this show justice as harmony?

• It creates proper societal relationship.

• It gives more power to the majority group.

• It ensures only the loudest voices are heard.

• It avoids the need for rules or laws.

Multiple Choice

Cheating in an exam go against justice as harmony because...

• it destroys equality in the community

• it is not yet considered a crime

• only teachers are affected

• desire must always be satisfied

Multiple Choice

A just leader distributes resources fairly based on the needs of the people, not only to friends.

Which aspect of justice as harmony is being practiced?

• Ignoring reason and following emotions

• Creating disharmony by favoritism

• Acting selfishly for personal success

• Balancing spirit, reason, and desire in decision-making

Match

Match the following scenario to aspects of harmony soul

• determination to uphold the law

• logical thinking: collects evidence

• wanting recognition

Spirit

Reason

Desire

• Spirit

• Reason

• Desire

Multiple Choice

According to the principle “Justice is from God,” what determines justice?

• Individual opinion

• Divine command

• Laws made by parliament

• Social traditions and customs

Multiple Choice

Why must a just person follow what God commands?

• Because it ensures personal wealth

• Because it avoids punishment from society

• Because God defines what is just

• Because it guarantees social approval

Multiple Choice

A murderer must be punished as a divine command because…

• it reduces societal resources

• God condemns it

• it disrupts societal harmony

• society dislikes it

Multiple Choice

The belief that justice is from God emphasizes which foundation of law?

• Common law

• Civil law

• Customary law

• Divine law

Multiple Choice

A police officer refuses a bribe, saying that corruption is sinful and against God’s law.

What does this show about justice?

• Justice is about gaining personal respect.

• Justice is about avoiding punishment from superiors.

• Justice depends on human-made laws.

• Justice is defined by divine command.

Multiple Choice

Origins of justice as divine command theory is...

• social agreements

• universal moral principles

• religious doctrines

• cultural norms

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of justice as divine command in practice?

• Human rights

• International treaties

• Sharia laws

• Social contracts

Multiple Choice

According to divine command theory, an action is just if it conforms...

• God's will

• social utility

• human reasoning

• society consensus

Multiple Choice

A limitation of justice as divine command is...

• It is too flexible and varies between cultures.

• It requires differing human interpretations of divine will.

• It ignores moral principles entirely.

• It does not consider legal systems at all.

Multiple Choice

What is the main idea of justice under natural law?

• Justice is determined by cultural traditions.

• Justice depends on government enforcement.

• Justice is based on universal moral principles.

• Justice comes from human-made laws.

Multiple Choice

According to natural law, why is murder considered wrong?

• Because it creates disharmony in society.

• Because it is inherently wrong.

• Because the law says so.

• Because society decides it is wrong.

Multiple Choice

Justice as natural law means that justice...

• Changes depending on culture and country.

• Comes naturally from human actions.

• Exists in a written constitution.

• Depends on majority voting.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best represents the concept of justice as natural law?

• Laws enacted by parliament.

• Rights recognized across cultures.

• Social contracts agreed by citizens.

• Punishments determined by local custom.

Multiple Choice

According to natural law theory, an unjust law is...

• Still valid because humans created it.

• Not a true law if it conflicts with moral principles.

• Only valid if it is enforced by the state.

• Always culturally relative.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST describes the foundation of natural law?

• Customs and traditions

• Human-made legal codes

• God’s divine command

• Unchanging human principles

Multiple Choice

What is the origin of justice as natural law?

• created by human societies

• universal moral principles

• dictated by political institutions

• depends on cultural customs

Multiple Choice

An example of justice as natural law in practice is...

• Administrative legal codes

• Social norms

• Prohibiting immoral culture

• Equal human rights

Multiple Choice

What is the main idea of justice as human creation?

• Justice is based on customs and traditions

• Justice is defined by human beings

• Justice comes naturally from human actions

• Justice is commanded by God

Multiple Choice

An example of justice as a human creation in modern society is...

• Innate sense of fairness in children

• Constitutional laws regulating equality

• Universal natural rights

• Moral duties dictated by God

Multiple Choice

The human creation perspective of justice suggests that justice is...

• absolute and unchanging

• varying depending on context

• the word of God

• biologically determined

Multiple Choice

Which statement aligns with the concept of justice as a human creation?

• Justice is only concerned with spiritual morality.

• Justice exists independently of human society.

• Justice is the same across all cultures and times.

• Laws reflect human decisions about what is fair.

Multiple Choice

Justice as a human creation is originated from...

• independently of human thought

• divine command

• social norms, laws, and institutions

• instinct inherent in all humans

Multiple Choice

According to justice as human creation, who decides what is right?

• Nature

• Society

• Government

• God

Multiple Choice

Murder considered wrong according to justice as human creation because...

• it causes societal disharmony

• it is naturally wrong to kill

• humans decides its is wrong

• God commands it

Multiple Choice

What is the origin of justice as mutual agreement?

• created by nature itself

• social contract

• universal natural principles

• commanded by God

Multiple Choice

What makes laws legitimate in the theory of justice as mutual agreement?

• Commanded by God

• Discovered through nature

• Accepted by consensus of society

• Enforced by fear of punishment

Multiple Choice

Why is murder considered wrong under justice as mutual agreement?

• It is agreed by society

• It violates divine command

• It is inherently evil

• It disrupts natural harmony

Match

Match the following roles of justice

• victim-offender mediation

• Hudud penalties

• Human rights

• Penal Code

• Alternative dispute resolution

Harmony

Divine command

Natural law

Human creation

Mutual agreement

• Harmony

• Divine command

• Natural law

• Human creation

• Mutual agreement

Multiple Choice

What is another name for distributive justice?

• Legal Justice

• Political Justice

• Economic Justice

• Social Justice

Multiple Choice

What is the central concern of distributive justice?

• Unbiased legal processes

• Revenge for wrongdoing

• Fair allocation of resources

• Proper investigation

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a principle of distributive justice?

• Need – prioritizing those most disadvantaged

• Neutrality – unbiased legal processes

• Equity – fair distribution based on contribution or need

• Equality – equal access to rights and liberties

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is an example of distributive justice in the criminal justice system?

• Police officers using discretion in arrest

• Conducting trials according to the Criminal Procedure Code

• Imposing the death penalty for murder

• Providing free legal aid to those who cannot afford a lawyer

Multiple Choice

What is the main concern of distributive justice?

• Harmony between spirit, reason, and desire

• Following divine commands of justice

• Fair punishment for crime

• Equal treatment in courts

Multiple Choice

According to distributive justice, how should punishments be determined?

• wealth of the offender

• traditions of the community

• seriousness of the crime

• personal feelings of the judge

Multiple Choice

What is the main idea of retributive justice?

• Social contract

• Revenge

• Repair harm caused

• Fairness

Multiple Choice

Which phrase BEST represents retributive justice?

• Justice comes from harmony

• Justice heals, not punishes

• An eye for an eye

• Justice is fairness

Multiple Choice

Why is retributive justice considered a “backward-looking” approach?

• It relies heavily on predicting criminal behavior

• It focuses on the wrong already committed

• It emphasizes reforming the offender

• It focuses on preventing future crimes

Multiple Choice

Which punishment in Malaysia best illustrates retributive justice?

• Diversion programs for juveniles

• Rehabilitation programs for drug offenders

• Death penalty for murder

• Community service for minor offences

Multiple Choice

According to retributive justice, death penalty seen as suitable for murder because...

• the law was created by humans

• the offender deserves the same treatment

• it deters others from committing crime

• it restores harmony in society

Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST distinguishes retributive justice from other theories?

• It looks backward at the crime

• It focuses on repairing harm to victims

• It ensures resources are distributed fairly

• It is based on social contracts

Multiple Choice

What social purpose does retributive justice serve?

• Encouraging forgiveness in society

• Restoring moral balance

• Reducing prison overcrowding

• Reconciliation between offender and victim

Multiple Choice

What is the main principle of retributive justice?

• Forgiveness and reconciliation

• Balancing injustice with punishment

• Future prevention of crime

• Equal distribution of resources

Multiple Choice

What is the main focus of procedural justice?

• Societal relationship

• Equal punishment

• Legal system process

• Societal rules

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a core element of procedural justice?

• Voice

• Neutrality

• Respect

• Wealth

Multiple Choice

According to procedural justice, a person be found guilty or innocent after...

• the victim requests punishment

• court passes sentence

• the police accuse them

• public opinion decides

Multiple Choice

Why is procedural justice important in the criminal justice system?

• It allows revenge against offenders.

• It makes sure society agrees on justice.

• It guarantees fair trial.

• It ensures severe punishments.

Multiple Choice

Which law provides the foundation for procedural justice in criminal cases?

• Penal Code

• Contracts Act

• Criminal Procedure Code

• Evidence Act

Multiple Choice

Which of the following situations BEST demonstrates procedural justice?

• A victim demands punishment without investigation

• A police officer punishes based on personal belief

• A judge hears both sides before giving a verdict

• A suspect is immediately jailed without trial

Multiple Choice

How does restorative justice primarily differ from retributive justice?

• It views crime as an offence against the state

• It emphasizes harsher punishments for offenders

• It views crime as an offence against individuals

• It focuses only on equality of resource distribution

Multiple Choice

How does restorative justice primarily define crime?

• As revenge to offender

• As a violation of relationships

• As an offence against the state

Multiple Choice

These are central goal of restorative justice EXCEPT...

• Healing victims

• Rehabilitating offenders

• Repairing community harm

• Ensuring equal punishment

Multiple Choice

In restorative justice, victims...

• Decide the punishment without mediation

• Receive financial compensation

• Define offenders’ responsibilities

• Have no role in the process

Multiple Choice

Which of the following BEST reflects an offender’s role in restorative justice?

• Appealing for a reduced sentence

• Demanding equal treatment under the law

• Taking responsibility for causing harm

• Ignoring the victim’s feelings

Multiple Choice

Which is an example of restorative justice?

• Death penalty for murder cases

• Reconciliation after conflicts

• Fair trial

• Free legal aid

Multiple Choice

The criminal justice system is best defined as...

• Resolving civil disputes between individuals.

• Law enforcement system

• A system for creating new laws

• A process for arbitrating commercial contracts

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a function of the criminal justice system?

• Defending accused persons

• Regulating commercial contracts

• Prosecuting offenders

• Investigating crimes

Match

Match the following criminal justice system aspects

• offense and punishment

• trial process

• facts in court

Substantive

Procedural

Evidence

• Substantive

• Procedural

• Evidence

Multiple Choice

What is the main function of law enforcement agencies in the criminal justice system?

• Arbitrating civil disputes

• Defending accused persons in court

• Investigating violation of law

• Creating new criminal laws

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a key task performed during a criminal investigation?

• Providing legal advice to victims

• Issuing civil contracts

• Writing new laws for Parliament

• Collecting evidence for prosecution

Multiple Choice

Investigating powers of the police in Malaysia are primarily provided under...

• Constitution of Malaysia

• Evidence Act 1950

• Police Act 1967

• Penal Code 2001

Multiple Choice

These are law enforcement investigative tasks EXCEPT...

• Determine if a crime has occurred

• Identify suspects

• Collect evidence

• Sentencing offenders

Multiple Choice

Prosecution in the criminal justice system refers to...

• Investigating a crime and collecting evidence

• Legal proceeding where an accused is tried in court

• Defending the accused in court

• Mediation between the offender and victim

Multiple Choice

In Malaysia, criminal prosecutions are conducted by...

• Judges directly prosecuting the accused

• Police officers at the scene of the crime

• Prosecutors from the Attorney General’s Chambers

• Private lawyers hired by victims

Multiple Choice

During prosecution, the burden of proof lies with...

• Police

• Public prosecutor

• Accused

• Judge

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a function of prosecution?

• Investigating crime scene and collecting evidence

• Discontinuing criminal proceedings in certain cases

• Conducting the trial against the accused

• Instituting criminal proceedings

Multiple Choice

The defence in a criminal trial refers to...

• The court deciding on the sentence

• The prosecution presenting evidence against the accused

• The process of the accused presenting evidence in their favor

• The process of investigating a crime

Multiple Choice

What is the primary role of a defence lawyer?

• Decide the sentence of the accused

• Conduct the prosecution

• Argue on behalf of the accused

• Investigate the crime

Multiple Choice

In a criminal trial, who bears the burden of proving the accused’s innocence?

• Judge

• Prosecution

• Defence lawyer

• Accused

Multiple Choice

A key strategy of the defence of accused is to...

• Create reasonable doubt

• Prove the accused is guilty

• Enforce the law on the accused

• Investigate the crime scene

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a responsibility of the defence in a criminal trial?

• Proving the accused’s innocence beyond doubt

• Presenting evidence in favor of the accused

• Challenging the prosecution’s evidence

• Representing the accused in court

Multiple Choice

The primary role of the court in a criminal case is to...

• Draft criminal laws

• Collect evidence at the crime scene

• Hear and determine the case

• Investigate the crime

Multiple Choice

The court’s authority to hear a criminal case is determined by...

• The accused’s social status

• The prosecutor’s preference

• The court’s jurisdiction

• The type of evidence collected

Multiple Choice

If the court finds the accused innocent, it must...

• Refer the case to the prosecutor for retry

• Send the accused back for further investigation

• Acquit and release the accused

• Convict and sentence the accused

Multiple Choice

If the court finds the accused guilty, it must...

• Refer the case to another court for review

• Conduct a new investigation

• Convict and pass a sentence

• Immediately release the accused

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is not a function of the court in a criminal trial?

• Passing a sentence if the accused is guilty

• Conducting the investigation of the crime

• Determining guilt or innocence of the accused

• Hearing the prosecution and defence

Multiple Choice

Sentencing in the criminal justice system refers to...

• Drafting new criminal laws

• Enforcement of punishment by executing agency

• Defending the accused in court

• Investigating the crime and collecting evidence

Match

Match the following executing agency

• whipping, death penalty

• Approved School Order

• community service order

Prisons Department

Corrective Schools

Social Welfare Department

• Prisons Department

• Corrective Schools

• Social Welfare Department