Carbohydrates FINAL

Multiple Choice

Why are carbohydrates considered essential for fueling human physiology?

• Because they provide energy, structure, and signaling functions in the body.

• Because they are the only source of vitamins.

• Because they are not digested by the body.

• Because they are only found in animal products.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is NOT a primary role of carbohydrates in the cell membrane?

• Energy

• Structure

• Signaling

• Genetic coding

Multiple Select

Which of the following are examples of simple sugars (monosaccharides)?

• Glucose

• Fructose

• Galactose

• Sucrose

Multiple Choice

In the Fischer projections shown, which sugar has a ketone group instead of an aldehyde group?

• Glucose

• Galactose

• Fructose

• Maltose

Multiple Choice

Which of the following best describes structural isomers, as illustrated by D-glucose and D-fructose?

• They have the same formula but different bond orders.

• They have different formulas and different bond orders.

• They have the same formula and the same bond orders.

• They have different formulas but the same bond orders.

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements are true about stereoisomers, based on the examples of enantiomers and epimers?

• They have the same molecular formula.

• They differ in the arrangement of atoms in space.

• They have different bond orders.

• They can include enantiomers and epimers.

Multiple Choice

What is the critical structural difference between alpha (α) and beta (β) glucose?

• The position of the OH group on carbon 1.

• The number of carbon atoms in the ring.

• The presence of a glycosidic bond.

• The type of monosaccharide involved.

Multiple Choice

In the formation of sucrose, which two monosaccharides are joined by an alpha 1-2 beta glycosidic bond?

• Glucose and fructose

• Glucose and galactose

• Glucose and glucose

• Fructose and galactose

Multiple Choice

Which type of glycosidic bond links the two glucose molecules in maltose?

• Alpha 1-4 glycosidic bond

• Beta 1-4 glycosidic bond

• Alpha 1-6 glycosidic bond

• Beta 1-6 glycosidic bond

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about lactose and maltose is/are correct?

• Both are disaccharides.

• Lactose contains a beta 1-4 glycosidic bond.

• Maltose is formed from two alpha-glucose units.

• Lactose is broken down by the enzyme maltase.

Multiple Choice

What is the main structural difference between the main chain and branch points in glycogen?

• Type of glycosidic bond

• Number of glucose units

• Presence of nitrogen

• Degree of saturation

Open Ended

Describe the roles of liver and muscle glycogen in maintaining blood glucose and muscle activity.

Open Ended

Explain how the structure of amylopectin differs from that of amylose and how this difference affects their function in plants.

Multiple Choice

Which type of starch is unbranched and contains only α-1,4 bonds?

• Amylopectin

• Amylose

• Glycogen

• Cellulose

Multiple Choice

The primary goal of carbohydrate digestion is to convert

• protein to glucose

• glucose to protein

• poly- and disacharides to monosacharides and then to glucose.

• glucose to fiber and starch.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following enzymes, involved in breaking down carbohydrates, is found in the mouth?

• lactase

• maltase

• pancreatic amylase

• salivary amylase

Multiple Choice

The majority of carbohydrate digestion and absorption occurs in the _______________.

• mouth

• stomach

• small intestine

• large intestine

Multiple Select

Which of the following factors impact the glycemic index of a carbohydrate?

• Digestibility

• Hydrolysis rate

• Protein content

• Fat content

Multiple Choice

What does the glycemic index measure?

• The amount of protein in food

• How fast carbohydrates raise blood glucose

• The fat content in food

• The vitamin content in food

Multiple Choice

Which sugar is the pentose component of DNA?

• Ribose

• Glucose

• Deoxyribose

• Fructose

Open Ended

Explain the significance of the difference between alpha and beta linkages in glucose for human nutrition and health.

Multiple Choice

Which type of linkage in glucose is used for energy storage in humans, and why can't humans digest the other type?

• Alpha-linkages are used for energy storage; humans can't digest beta-linkages because they lack the necessary enzymes.

• Beta-linkages are used for energy storage; humans can't digest alpha-linkages because they lack the necessary enzymes.

• Alpha-linkages are used for structure; humans can't digest beta-linkages because they lack the necessary enzymes.

• Beta-linkages are used for structure; humans can't digest alpha-linkages because they lack the necessary enzymes.

Multiple Choice

What are the primary roles of carbohydrates in the human body?

• Energy, structure, and signaling

• Digestion, absorption, and excretion

• Hormone production, muscle contraction, and vision

• DNA replication, protein synthesis, and cell division