CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

CLINICAL CHEMISTRY

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the normal range for direct (conjugated) bilirubin in the liver function test (LFT)?

• 0-0.2 mg/dL

• 0.2-0.8 mg/dL

• <1 mg/dL

• 1-2 mg/dL

Multiple Choice

Which types of jaundice are associated with both unconjugated and conjugated bilirubin?

• Prehepatic or hemolytic jaundice

• Hepatic or hepatocellular jaundice

• Post-hepatic jaundice

• Gilbert's syndrome

Fill in the Blank

Total protein in a normal liver function test (LFT) should be in the range of ___ g/dl.

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Open Ended

List two causes of hypoproteinemia based on the interpretation of protein levels in LFT.

Multiple Choice

Which enzyme in the LFT panel has a normal range of 40-125 IU/L?

• ALT/SGPT

• AST/SGOT

• ALP

• Albumin

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the normal reference range for serum calcium in adults?

• 8.5-10.5 mg/dL

• 2.4-4.5 mg/dL

• 50-120 U/L

• 20-40 mg/dL

Open Ended

List two causes each for hypercalcemia and hypocalcemia based on the provided information.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are causes of hypophosphatemia?

• Malnutrition

• Excess Vitamin D

• Renal impairment

• Phosphate infusion

Fill in the Blank

Fill in the blank: The normal reference range for serum amylase is ___ U/L.

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Open Ended

Why are both lipase and amylase measured in suspected cases of acute pancreatitis?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the normal reference range for serum creatinine in females?

• 0.6-1.3 mg/dL

• 0.7-1.4 mg/dL

• 3-7 mg/dL

• 2-5 mg/dL

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a post-renal cause of increased serum creatinine/urea levels?

• Dehydration

• Pyelonephritis

• Prostatic hypertrophy

• Uncontrolled DM

Fill in the Blank

The normal reference range for serum potassium is ___ mEq/L.

.

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Multiple Select

Which of the following are possible causes of hyponatremia?

• Vomiting

• Elderly patients with poor water intake

• Chronic renal failure

• Excessive intake of salt

Open Ended

Discuss the clinical significance of dyslipidemia and its relationship to cardiovascular disease risk.

Multiple Choice

Which lipid parameter is considered a marker for risk prediction of cardiovascular diseases, especially myocardial infarction (MI)?

• HDL-C

• LDL-C

• Triglycerides

• Total Cholesterol

Multiple Choice

Which of the following values indicate a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus (DM) according to the criteria provided?

• >126 mg/dL fasting blood sugar

• >200 mg/dL 2 hr glucose after 75 g oral glucose

• >200 mg/dL random blood sugar

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is the normal fasting blood sugar range according to the table?

• 70-100 mg/dL

• <140 mg/dL

• <5.5%

• 1.8-3 nmol/L

Multiple Select

Select all the statements that are true about the interpretation of HbA1C levels.

• A value of 6% indicates very good control of DM.

• A value of 7% indicates inadequate control.

• A value of 8% indicates inadequate control.

• A value of 9% indicates very poor control.

Open Ended

What is the significance of an HbA1C value of 6% in the management of diabetes mellitus?

Fill in the Blank

The normal range for TSH is ___ microU/mL.

Open Ended

Explain the difference in TSH, T3, and T4 levels in hypothyroidism versus hyperthyroidism.

Open Ended

Reflecting on today's lesson about blood and urine chemistry, what is one key concept you learned about biochemical components and their reference ranges in normal and diseased states?