Integumentary and Musculoskeletal Systems

Open Ended

Why do you think the structure of the cutaneous membrane is important for the function of the integumentary system?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following layers is NOT part of the cutaneous membrane?

• Epidermis

• Dermis

• Hypodermis

• Muscle

Match

Match the Layer to the correct letter

• Stratum Corneum

• Stratum Basale

• stratum spinosum

• stratum granulosum

• stratum lucidum

A

E

D

C

B

• A

• E

• D

• C

• B

Multiple Choice

Which layer of the epidermis is the outermost layer?

• Stratum corneum

• Stratum basale

• Stratum spinosum

• Stratum granulosum

Open Ended

Explain how melanin contributes to skin color and protection.

Match

Match the function of the skin with its description

• Physical barrier against injury.

• Capillaries dilate when your hot and constrict when you are cold.

• Metabolized by sunlight, necessary for bone growth.

• Removes wastes products and produces sweat.

• Detect touch, pressure, heat, cold, pain, etc.

Protection

Temperature control

Vitamin D synthesis

Excretion and secretion

Sensation

• Protection

• Temperature control

• Vitamin D synthesis

• Excretion and secretion

• Sensation

Hotspot

hair follicle

Multiple Select

Which structures are part of the nail anatomy?

• Nail body

• Cuticle

• Lunula

• Nail bed

Multiple Choice

Which gland is responsible for producing sweat that helps regulate body temperature?

• Eccrine gland

• Sebaceous gland

• Apocrine gland

• Ceruminous gland

Multiple Choice

Which layer of the skin is affected in a first-degree burn?

• Epidermis

• Dermis

• Subcutaneous layer

• Muscle

Multiple Select

Which of the following are characteristics of a second-degree burn?

• Blisters

• Involves only the epidermis

• May result in scarring

• May appear red, white, or tan

Match

Match the following

• Cardiac Muscle

• Smooth Muscle

• Skeletal Muscle

Only in the heart

Hollow organs (digestive)

Attached to bones

• Only in the heart

• Hollow organs (digestive)

• Attached to bones

Drag and Drop

Smooth and Cardiac muscles are ​

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muscles, while skeletal muscle is a ​

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muscle.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

involuntary

voluntary

easy

hard

rough

volunteer

Open Ended

Describe the structural organization of skeletal muscle from the largest to the smallest component.

Multiple Choice

Which structure surrounds the muscle fiber and helps maintain its integrity?

• Sarcolemma

• Myofibril

• Mitochondria

• Nucleus

Multiple Choice

What is the functional unit of a muscle fiber where contraction occurs?

• Sarcomere

• Myofibril

• Sarcoplasmic reticulum

• Transverse tubule

Drag and Drop

In the sliding filament theory the ​

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fiber raises up to create a ​

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with the ​

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fiber. Acetylcholine a neurotransmitter which causes an impulse to travel down to the transverse tubules is released by the ​

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neuron. This causes the release of ​

Placeholder

which starts the muscle contraction.

Drag these tiles and drop them in the correct blank above

myosin

cross bridge

actin

motor

calcium

sensory

sodium

Multiple Choice

The entire process pictured here is known as:

• Sliding Filament Theory

• Orange Theory

• The Theory of Filament Sliding & Contraction

• Muscle Contraction Theory & Development

Multiple Choice

___are thin filaments.

• troponin

• tropomyosin

• actin

• myosin

Multiple Choice

___are thick filaments.

• actin

• myosin

• troponin

• tropomyosin

Multiple Choice

___are regulatory proteins that cover the myosin binding site on the actin.

• troponin-tropomyosin

• sarcomere

• sarcolemma

• sarcoplasmic reticulum

Multiple Choice

Calcium binds to ___of the troponin-tropomyosin complex.

• troponin

• tropomyosin

• actin

• myosin

Multiple Choice

Calcium is stored in the ___.

• sarcoplasm

• sarcolemma

• sarcoplasmic reticulum

• transverse tubules

Multiple Choice

A ___extends from one Z disc to another Z disc.

• Sarcolemma

• Neuromuscular junction

• Sarcomere

• Motor end plate

Multiple Choice

___gets shorter during contraction.

• actin

• myosin

• troponin-tropomyosin

• none of these

Multiple Choice

___forms a crossbridge with actin.

• actin

• myosin

• calcium

• ATP

Multiple Choice

___provides energy for muscle contraction and relaxation.

• cAMP

• ADP

• ATP

• M line

Multiple Choice

___slides inward during muscle contraction.

• actin

• myosin

Labelling

Think about the action of the triceps. Then label the origin, belly, and insertion.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

belly

origin

insertion

Multiple Select

Muscles are named according to which of the following characteristics?

• Size

• Shape

• Color

• Location, number of origins

Multiple Choice

Which muscle is primarily responsible for breathing by contracting and relaxing to change the volume of the thoracic cavity?

• Diaphragm

• Rectus abdominis

• External oblique

• Trapezius

Multiple Select

Which of the following muscles form the abdominal wall?

• Rectus abdominis

• External oblique

• Transversus abdominis

• Trapezius

Labelling

Drage and dro each label to its correct part of the bone.

Drag labels to their correct position on the image

periosteum

hyaline cartilage

marrow

epiphysis

Match

Match the following regions of spongy and compact bone.

• canaliculi

• osteon

• trabeculae

• spongy bone

• compact bone

B

A

C

D

E

• B

• A

• C

• D

• E

Feature	Red Bone Marrow	Yellow Bone Marrow
Location	Flat bones (sternum, pelvis, skull), ends of long bones	Medullary cavities of long bones
Primary Function	Hematopoiesis – production of RBCs, WBCs, and platelets	Fat storage (energy reserve)
Cell Type	Hematopoietic stem cells	Adipocytes (fat cells)
Vascularity	Highly vascular (red due to blood supply)	Less vascular (yellow color from fat)
Role in Immune System	Produces lymphocytes and other immune cells	Minimal direct role
Conversion Ability	N/A	Can revert to red marrow during severe blood loss or high demand for blood cells
Prevalence	Most marrow in children is red; limited in adult long bones	Predominant in adult long bones

Multiple Choice

Red bone marrow functions to

• produce fat

• produce blood cells

• store cells

• produce new bone cells

Multiple Choice

Yellow marrow functions to ______.

• produce new bone cells

• store calcium

• store fat

• produce calcium

Two main types of ossification:

Feature	Intramembranous Ossification	Endochondral Ossification
Definition	Bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue	Bone develops by replacing a hyaline cartilage model
Primary Bones Formed	Flat bones (e.g., skull, clavicle, mandible)	Long bones (e.g., femur, humerus), most other bones
Mesenchymal Cells	Differentiate directly into osteoblasts	Differentiate into chondrocytes first, then osteoblasts
Cartilage Stage	No cartilage stage	Hyaline cartilage model is formed first
Osteoblast Activity	Osteoblasts secrete osteoid directly into mesenchyme	Osteoblasts replace calcified cartilage with bone
Bone Formation Process	Mesenchymal cells → osteoblasts → osteoid → woven bone → compact/spongy bone	Mesenchymal cells → chondrocytes → cartilage model → calcification → osteoblasts form bone
Typical Location	Skull bones, facial bones, clavicle	Most long bones and vertebrae
Primary Ossification Center	Multiple sites in mesenchyme	Diaphysis (shaft of long bone)
Secondary Ossification Center	Usually absent	Epiphyses (ends of long bones)

Multiple Choice

Imagine you are studying the development of the human skeleton. What are the key steps involved in the growth of a human long bone through intramembranous ossification?

• Formation of ligaments instead of trabeculae

• Formation of ossification center, calcification, formation of trabeculae, and development of the periosteum.

• Formation of cartilage instead of ossification center

• Decalcification instead of calcification

Multiple Choice

Imagine you are studying the development of the human skeleton. How does the process of building bones in the skull (intramembranous ossification) differ from the way the femur (thigh bone) develops (endochondral ossification)?

• Intramembranous ossification occurs in the femur and involves the replacement of cartilage with bone tissue.

• Intramembranous ossification can happen in both the skull and femur, while endochondral ossification is exclusive to the femur.

• Endochondral ossification occurs in the skull and involves the direct formation of bone from mesenchymal cells.

• Intramembranous ossification occurs in the skull and involves the direct formation of bone from mesenchymal cells, while endochondral ossification happens in the femur and involves the replacement of cartilage with bone tissue.

​Endochondral ossification (a) and intramembranous ossification (b) process during bone development. After the mechanisms of bone development are complete, a bone remodeling process takes place to maintain normal healthy bone (c)