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Open Ended

How do biblical and patristic arguments influence the way icons are created and interpreted in Christian art?

Multiple Choice

Why is it important to understand the biblical foundation of icons in Christian tradition?

• It helps appreciate religious art

• It provides insight into theological beliefs

• It connects historical and spiritual contexts

• All of the above

Multiple Choice

What was the primary reason for the prohibition of images representing divinity in the Mosaic Law according to the Old Testament?

• To prevent idolatry among the Israelites

• To encourage artistic expression

• To distinguish Israelites from other Mediterranean cultures

• To promote the use of written language

Multiple Select

Which of the following are cited as reasons for the prohibition of making images of God in the Old Testament?

• Fear of idolatry

• God's nature cannot be fully represented

• Encouragement of oral tradition

• Promotion of pagan practices

Open Ended

Discuss how the prohibition of images in the Old Testament influenced the development of religious art and iconography in later periods.

Fill in the Blank

The Hebrew term ___ is used in the Old Testament to mean 'image' or 'idol'.

Multiple Choice

According to the text, what is the significance of cherubim imagery in the decoration of the Temple during the Old Testament period?

• It symbolized the divine presence and spiritual realities

• It was merely decorative with no religious meaning

• It represented pagan gods

• It was used to intimidate enemies

Open Ended

How does the Orthodox Church today use iconography to support both teaching and worship, according to the provided text?

Open Ended

Explain the significance of the vine symbol in early Christian art and its connection to biblical teachings.

Multiple Choice

Which symbolic elements are commonly found in early Christian art to convey spiritual meanings?

• The vine, fish, lamb, ship, anchor, balance

• Cross, crown, sword, shield

• Sun, moon, stars, clouds

• Book, scroll, quill, ink

Fill in the Blank

The formula used by early Christians in persecution, 'Iisous Hristos iou Theou Soter', translates to 'Jesus Christ, ___ of God, Savior.'

Multiple Select

Which of the following are symbolic representations used in early Christian iconography according to the text?

• Balance

• Sheep

• Anchor

• Fish

Open Ended

Discuss how the restrictions on religious art in early Christianity influenced the development of Christian iconography.

Fill in the Blank

According to the text, the Synod of Trulan (692) decided to renounce the use of ___ as a symbol in Christian iconography, replacing it with the revealed reality of Christ.

Fill in the Blank

The icon, according to the teachings of Saint Theodore the Studite, represents not only the nature, but also the ___ of Christ.

Open Ended

Explain the dualistic view towards matter and spirit as discussed in the context of the iconoclastic controversy. How did this dualism influence the Church's stance on icons?

Multiple Choice

What was the main theological issue debated during the iconoclastic crisis of the 8th and 9th centuries in the Church?

• Whether icons could represent faith through material means and truly depict Christ

• Whether icons should be destroyed for being idolatrous

• Whether icons should only depict saints and not Christ

• Whether icons could be used in private worship

Multiple Choice

What symbolic meaning does the luminous halo (nimbus) around the heads of saints in icons convey?

• It represents their royal status

• It symbolizes divine light and sanctity

• It marks them as historical figures

• It indicates their suffering

Multiple Select

According to the text, which of the following are arguments used by iconoclasts against the use of icons?

• Icons are made of matter, which is inherently evil

• Icons cannot represent the divine nature of Christ

• Icons are necessary for worship

• Icons promote idolatry

Open Ended

Discuss how the iconoclastic controversy shaped the theological understanding of the relationship between image and prototype in Byzantine Christianity.

Multiple Choice

How does the concept of 'economy' (oikonomia) relate to the understanding of the Eucharist and the icon in Byzantine theology?

• It equates the Eucharist and icon as identical symbols.

• It distinguishes the Eucharist as a real presence and the icon as a symbolic representation.

• It denies the sacramental value of both.

• It considers both as purely philosophical constructs.

Multiple Choice

What is the main theological difference between the icon and the natural image as discussed in the text?

• The icon is a mere artistic representation, while the natural image is divine.

• The icon participates in the divine, while the natural image is only a reflection of nature.

• The icon is forbidden, while the natural image is celebrated.

• The icon is always abstract, while the natural image is always concrete.

Fill in the Blank

Fill in the blank: According to Damaskin, the icon is not just a copy but participates in the ___ of its prototype.

Open Ended

Explain how the notion of 'participation' (participarii entative deficiente) is used to differentiate between the icon and its prototype in the context of Byzantine iconology.

Open Ended

What role did the icon play in the political and spiritual life of Byzantium, especially during the iconoclastic controversies?

Multiple Select

Which of the following are considered essential aspects of the icon according to Byzantine thought?

• Mimesis

• Participation

• Materiality

• Sacramentality

Multiple Choice

The Decalogue (re)presented in iconography is discussed in the course. Which of the following best describes its significance in biblical art?

• It provides moral guidelines depicted visually in icons.

• It is used only for decorative purposes in churches.

• It is rarely referenced in Christian iconography.

• It focuses solely on the New Testament teachings.

Open Ended

Reflecting on the topics covered in this course, which aspect of biblical foundation in iconography do you find most intriguing or would like to explore further?