Remainder of Chapter 2

Multiple Choice

Why is it significant that water is denser as a liquid than as a solid?

• Because it allows ice to float, which insulates water surfaces and supports aquatic life

• Because it makes water freeze faster

• Because it causes water to evaporate more quickly

• Because it makes water more acidic

Open Ended

How does the structure of water molecules in ice differ from that in liquid water, and what effect does this have on the density of each state?

Multiple Choice

Which liquid has the highest specific heat according to Table 2.1?

• Water (H2O)

• Ethanol (C2H6O)

• Glycerol (C3H8O3)

• Benzene (C6H6)

Multiple Choice

What is the chemical equation for the dissociation of water into hydrogen and hydroxide ions?

• H2O ⇌ H+ + OH−

• H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH−

• 2H2O ⇌ H3O+ + OH−

• H2O ⇌ H2 + O2

Multiple Select

Which of the following statements about acids and bases is/are correct?

• Acids give up protons and increase hydronium ion concentration.

• Bases acquire protons and decrease hydronium ion concentration.

• Adding acid to solution decreases proton concentration.

• Adding base to solution increases proton concentration.

Open Ended

Explain how buffers help maintain homeostasis in living organisms.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about acids, bases, and buffers is correct?

• Acids have a pH greater than 7

• Bases have a pH less than 7

• Buffers minimize changes in pH

• Neutral solutions have a pH less than 7

Multiple Choice

Based on the pH scale, which substances are considered neutral, and what is their pH value?

• Human blood and pure water, pH 7

• Lemon juice and milk, pH 5

• Household bleach and seawater, pH 10

• Stomach acid and tomatoes, pH 2

Multiple Choice

Which environments are proposed as the origins of chemical evolution, and what gases are associated with each?

• Atmosphere and deep-sea hydrothermal vents; CO2, H2, N2

• Atmosphere and ocean; O2, CO2, H2

• Deep-sea hydrothermal vents and lakes; CO2, O2, N2

• Atmosphere and lakes; H2O, CO2, O2

Open Ended

Compare and contrast open, closed, and isolated systems in terms of their ability to exchange energy and matter with their surroundings.

Multiple Choice

Which type of energy is associated with the position of shared electrons in covalent bonds?

• Kinetic energy

• Potential energy

• Thermal energy

• Mechanical energy

Open Ended

Explain how the position of shared electrons in covalent bonds affects the potential energy of a molecule.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements about thermal energy is correct?

• Thermal energy is stored energy.

• Thermal energy is the kinetic energy of molecular motion.

• Thermal energy is only present in solid objects.

• Thermal energy cannot be transferred between objects.

Open Ended

Describe the relationship between entropy and the spontaneity of a chemical reaction.

Multiple Select

Select all the factors that determine if a chemical reaction will proceed spontaneously.

• Products have lower potential energy than reactants

• Products are less ordered than reactants

• Reactants have higher entropy than products

• Products require added energy

Multiple Choice

Which process is illustrated by the burning of glucose in the presence of oxygen, resulting in increased disorder and entropy?

• Photosynthesis

• Cellular respiration

• Fermentation

• Dehydration synthesis

Open Ended

Explain how the second law of thermodynamics relates to spontaneous chemical reactions.

Multiple Choice

Stanley Miller's experiment aimed to answer which fundamental question about the origin of life?

• Can life exist without water?

• Can complex organic compounds be synthesized from simple molecules present in Earth's early atmosphere?

• Can carbon form double bonds?

• Can entropy decrease in a closed system?

Multiple Choice

Which of the following were used in Miller's Spark-Discharge Experiment to simulate early Earth's conditions?

• Ultraviolet light and nitrogen

• Heat and electrical charges

• Radioactive isotopes and oxygen

• Magnetic fields and helium

Match

Match the functional group with the correct picture:

Hydroxyl

Carboxyl

Amine

Carbonly

Phosphate

• Hydroxyl

• Carboxyl

• Amine

• Carbonly

• Phosphate

Multiple Choice

A __________ consists of many monomers bonded together.

• monomer

• hydrocarbon

• peptide

• polymer

Multiple Choice

1. What is a condensation reaction?

• A reaction that releases energy.
• A reaction that adds water to break bonds.
• A reaction that removes water to form bonds.
• A reaction that changes the pH of a solution.

Multiple Choice

3. What is a hydrolysis reaction?

• A reaction that releases heat.
• A reaction that removes water to form bonds.
• A reaction that adds water to break bonds.
• A reaction that produces light.