P&D 2014-15

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is responsible for elasticity in wood?

• Cellulose

• Lignin

• Matrix

• Fiber

Open Ended

How does the chemical composition of wood contribute to its properties as a bio-composite?

Open Ended

Explain how stubs and scars contribute to wood decay and regeneration growth.

Multiple Choice

Which process converts cellulose and lignin in wood to CO2, H2O, and energy?

• Photosynthesis

• Wood decay

• Respiration

• Fermentation

Multiple Choice

Match the following symptoms to their causes: Birds and sap suckers, Deforms stems, Ring shake, Maple borers, Deep wounds, Internal discoloration, Bark beetles, Bark removal/expose wood.

• A. Birds and sap suckers - g, B. Deforms stems - b, C. Ring shake - c, D. Maple borers - d, E. Deep wounds - e, F. Internal discoloration - f, G. Bark beetles - g, H. Bark removal/expose wood - h

• A. Birds and sap suckers - a, B. Deforms stems - b, C. Ring shake - c, D. Maple borers - d, E. Deep wounds - e, F. Internal discoloration - f, G. Bark beetles - g, H. Bark removal/expose wood - h

• A. Birds and sap suckers - d, B. Deforms stems - a, C. Ring shake - f, D. Maple borers - b, E. Deep wounds - g, F. Internal discoloration - h, G. Bark beetles - e, H. Bark removal/expose wood - c

• A. Birds and sap suckers - h, B. Deforms stems - g, C. Ring shake - b, D. Maple borers - f, E. Deep wounds - d, F. Internal discoloration - a, G. Bark beetles - c, H. Bark removal/expose wood - e

Fill in the Blank

Wood-decay fungi are introduced by insects and secrete ___ enzymes.

Open Ended

Describe the role of oxygen levels in the growth of wood-decay fungi and bacteria.

Multiple Choice

Which type of rot causes wood to lose strength more slowly?

• Brown rot

• White rot

• Wet rot

• Dry rot

Open Ended

Explain how the selective removal of cellulose and hemicellulose during brown rot affects the physical structure of wood.

Fill in the Blank

Brown rot leaves behind a residue that consists largely of slightly modified ___.

Multiple Choice

Which component is most selectively removed during brown rot decay in wood?

• Cellulose

• Lignin

• Hemicellulose

• Other

Multiple Select

Which of the following fungi are associated with brown rot?

• Serpula lacrymans

• Sulphur shelf

• Fomitopsis pinicola

• Phaeolus schweinitzii

Multiple Choice

Which statement best describes the difference between lignin and cellulose in plant cell walls?

• Lignin is easier to convert into biofuel than cellulose.

• Cellulose is hard to degrade into fermentable sugars.

• Lignin cannot be fermented into alternative fuel, while cellulose can.

• Both lignin and cellulose are easily processed for biofuel.

Open Ended

Why does Pleurotus ostreatus not grow on living trees unless they are already dying from other causes?

Fill in the Blank

White rot destroys both lignin and ___, leaving wood in a moist, sponge-like state.

Open Ended

Explain how white rot affects wood and describe its appearance.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following fungi is notorious for attacking living trees?

• Honey mushroom (Armillaria spp.)

• Pleurotus ostreatus

• Turkey tail

• Artist's conch

Multiple Select

Which of the following are examples of white-rot fungi?

• Turkey tail

• Artist's conch

• Tinder fungus

• Honey mushroom (Armillaria spp.)

Open Ended

Compare and contrast simultaneous white rot and selective white rot in terms of the components they break down and the enzymes involved.

Multiple Choice

Which enzyme is primarily involved in the breakdown of lignin during selective white rot?

• Cellulase

• Laccase

• Amylase

• Protease

Fill in the Blank

The enzyme secreted by fungi that causes soft rot by destroying cellulose is ___.

Multiple Choice

What is the significance of the canker stain of plane in the context of soft rot fungi?

• It indicates the presence of Ceratocystis platani.

• It is a symptom of simultaneous white rot.

• It is caused by laccase enzyme.

• It is unrelated to fungal activity.

Multiple Select

Which of the following fungi are responsible for soft rot in wood?

• Ceratocystis

• Kretzschmaria deusta

• Laccase

• C. platani

Multiple Choice

What is the primary role of lignin in the chemical composition of wood as a bio-composite?

• It provides elasticity and behaves as brittle matter

• It is responsible for plasticity and provides strength and energy absorption

• It restricts deformation and provides stiffness

• It forms the fiber in the composite