Earth and Space Science Regents: Exam Cram
Presentation
•
Science
•
7th - 12th Grade
•
Practice Problem
•
Easy
•
NGSS
MS-ESS1-1, HS-ESS2-5, HS-ESS2-6
+24
Standards-aligned
Lisa Agostini
Used 8+ times
FREE Resource
19 Slides • 45 Questions
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EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE
REGENTS REVIEW
By Lisa Agostini
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The Universe Formed (pg 4)
expanded, it cooled, & became more
transparent.
billion years ago and has been
ever since. As the Universe
expanded, it cooled, & became more
transparent.
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13.8
expanding
10.5
contracting
12.0
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EVIDENCE THAT SUPPORTS THE BIG BANG THEORY: (pg4)
1:
2a:
(which means the Universe is
Blue Shift = object is moving towards observer (approaching galaxy)
1:
(CBR) - leftover
from the Big Bang.
2a:
of galaxies shows that they are moving
from us
(which means the Universe is
). Red Shift = object is moving away from observer (receding galaxy)
Blue Shift = object is moving towards observer (approaching galaxy)
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Cosmic background radiation
energy
The red-shift
away
expanding
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b: Hubble’s Law states that the
is moving away. This is called
away a galaxy is, the FASTER the it
is moving away. This is called
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farther
recessional velocity
closer
stationary
approaching
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3: Spectral analysis helps scientists determine the composition of stars and galaxies. The abundance of light elements (like H and He) supports the Big Bang Theory. About
hydrogen and
helium by mass were produced in Big Bang nucleosynthesis (with only trace amounts of deuterium, helium-3, and lithium).
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75%
25%
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THE SUN: (pg5) Our Sun is approximately
. The Sun is a currently a
star. It will become a
in its next stage. At about 10 billion years in age it will end its life as a
.
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4.6 billion years old
main sequence
red giant
white dwarf
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NUCLEAR FUSION:(pg5) • The Sun produces
in its
through a process called
. Gravity pulls material inward, while pressure pushes outward to keep the star stable. • Nuclear fusion occurs under extreme heat and pressure when
(lighter element) fuses to form
(heavier element) and gives off energy in the process.
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energy
core
nuclear fusion
hydrogen
helium
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STELLAR NUCLEOSYNTHESIS:(pg5)
• Nucleosynthesis is the processes in which
• Low mass stars (like our Sun) fuse hydrogen into helium. (Later in life, they can fuse
elements up to Carbon (C), but do not have enough mass to create heavier elements.
• High mass stars fuse heavier elements, creating everything up to Iron (Fe) in their
cores.
• Elements heavier than Iron can only
be produced during a
• Low mass stars = burn fuel slower;
slower the rate of fusion.
• High mass stars = burn fuel faster;
greater the rate of fusion.
• Nucleosynthesis is the processes in which
elements are used to make
ones.
• Low mass stars (like our Sun) fuse hydrogen into helium. (Later in life, they can fuse
elements up to Carbon (C), but do not have enough mass to create heavier elements.
• High mass stars fuse heavier elements, creating everything up to Iron (Fe) in their
cores.
• Elements heavier than Iron can only
be produced during a
(when a star explodes).
• Low mass stars = burn fuel slower;
slower the rate of fusion.
• High mass stars = burn fuel faster;
greater the rate of fusion.
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lighter
heavier
supernova
denser
colder
darker
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THE SUN’S LAYERS:(pg6)
• The Sun’s energy produced by
travels outward through the Sun’s
space and reaches Earth in the form
of electromagnetic radiation.
• The Sun’s energy produced by
in its
travels outward through the Sun’s
.• The Sun’s energy then travels through
space and reaches Earth in the form
of electromagnetic radiation.
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nuclear fusion
core
layers
chemical reaction
surface
atmosphere
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THE SOLAR CYCLE: • The Sun's total energy output (total solar irradiance) changes slightly over the
-year sunspot
.
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cycle
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solar phase
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During a solar MAXIMUM =
the number of sunspots, the amount
of solar irradiance, and the level of
magnetic activity are all
• During a solar MINIMUM =
the number of sunspots, the amount
of solar irradiance, and the level of
magnetic activity are all
the number of sunspots, the amount
of solar irradiance, and the level of
magnetic activity are all
.
• During a solar MINIMUM =
the number of sunspots, the amount
of solar irradiance, and the level of
magnetic activity are all
.
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greater
less
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SOLAR SYSTEM: (PG7)
• Formation & Age: The solar system formed ~
Gravity caused the Sun to form at the center. Leftover
material formed planets, moons, asteroids, and comets.
• Structure: Inner planets (rocky): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
Outer planets (gas/ice giants): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
Asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter.
Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud (comets originate here).
• Earth Motions: Rotation: spinning on axis, causes day and night, ~24 hours.
Revolution: orbiting around Sun, ~365.25 days. Earth’s tilt: 23.5.° The main cause
of seasons is the revolution of Earth around the Sun and Earth’s tilt on its axis.
• Formation & Age: The solar system formed ~
billionyears ago from a rotating cloud of gas and dust (solar nebula).
Gravity caused the Sun to form at the center. Leftover
material formed planets, moons, asteroids, and comets.
• Structure: Inner planets (rocky): Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars.
Outer planets (gas/ice giants): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune.
Asteroid belt is located between Mars and Jupiter.
Kuiper Belt & Oort Cloud (comets originate here).
• Earth Motions: Rotation: spinning on axis, causes day and night, ~24 hours.
Revolution: orbiting around Sun, ~365.25 days. Earth’s tilt: 23.5.° The main cause
of seasons is the revolution of Earth around the Sun and Earth’s tilt on its axis.
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4.6
3.2
5.1
6.0
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Kepler’s 1st Law: • Planets revolve around the Sun in
orbits, with the Sun as one of the foci.
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elliptical
circular
parabolic
hyperbolic
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Kepler’s 2nd Law: • Planets sweep out EQUAL areas in EQUAL times. • A planet will move
when it is
to the Sun at perihelion. • A planet will move
when it is
from the Sun at aphelion.
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faster
closer
slower
farther
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HOW THE MOON FORMED:(pg8)
• The “Giant Impact Hypothesis” is the
theory which explains how our Moon
formed
Mars-sized proto-planet called Theia.
• The “Giant Impact Hypothesis” is the
theory which explains how our Moon
formed
billion years ago from amajor collision between Earth and a
Mars-sized proto-planet called Theia.
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4.5
3.2
5.1
6.0
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SURFACE FEATURES & PROCESSES:
• The “Late Heavy Bombardment” was a
period about 4.1–3.8 billion years ago
when the inner solar system experienced
unusually frequent
many of the Moon's largest and oldest
• The “Late Heavy Bombardment” was a
period about 4.1–3.8 billion years ago
when the inner solar system experienced
unusually frequent
It formed
many of the Moon's largest and oldest
and impact basins.
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impacts
craters
collisions
explosions
landslides
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MOON PHASES:(pg9)
• The reason we see different moons phases is because the Moon
• A complete lunar cycle (New Moon to New Moon) is
• The reason we see different moons phases is because the Moon
around Earth.
• A complete lunar cycle (New Moon to New Moon) is
days.
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revolves
29.5
rotates
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• We see the same one side the Moon because the Moon’s period of
is the
as the Moon’s period of
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rotation
same
revolution
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TIDES:
• Tides are mainly caused by the
• A location will experience 2 low tides and 2 high
tides every day.
• Tides are mainly caused by the
pull ofthe moon on Earth’s ocean water.
• A location will experience 2 low tides and 2 high
tides every day.
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gravitational
magnetic
electromagnetic
nuclear
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SPRING TIDE occurs when the Sun, Earth, and Moon align, causing higher high tides and lower low tides. (More extreme tides). This occurs during a
A NEAP TIDE occurs when the Sun and Moon are at right angles, causing a lower high tides and a higher low tides. (Less extreme tides). This occurs during
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Full Moon and New Moon phase
1st quarter and 3rd quarter phases
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ECLIPSES: (Pg10)
• Lunar Eclipse: occurs during a
phase, when Earth casts a shadow on the Moon.
• Solar Eclipse: occurs during a
Sun and the Earth.
• Lunar Eclipse: occurs during a
phase, when Earth casts a shadow on the Moon.
• Solar Eclipse: occurs during a
phase, when the Moon passes in between the
Sun and the Earth.
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full moon
new moon
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STUDYING MOON ROCK & USING RADIOMETRIC DATING:
• Scientists use the half-life of radioactive isotopes found in Moon rocks, to
determine the absolute age of the Earth, Moon, and solar system.
Parent vs.Daughter: The original unstable radioactive isotope is the “
• Scientists use the half-life of radioactive isotopes found in Moon rocks, to
determine the absolute age of the Earth, Moon, and solar system.
Parent vs.Daughter: The original unstable radioactive isotope is the “
product.” In time, this will break down into stable isotopes at a predictable rate. The stable (not radioactive) isotope is the “
product.”
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parent
daughter
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Half-Life: Half-life is the time that it takes for
become stable.
• Which Isotope To Use?
used for recent organic remains.
zircon crystals.
(50%) of the radioactive product to
become stable.
• Which Isotope To Use?
has a short half-life (5,730 years) and is
used for recent organic remains.
has a much longer half-life (4.5billion years) and is used to date the oldest rocks on Earth, Moon rock, and
zircon crystals.
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half
Carbon-14
Uranium-238
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COEVOLUTION: • The geosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and biosphere have evolved together over Earth's history. As Earth changes life, life also changes the Earth. These dynamic changes created feedback loops over the course of Earth’s
of existence.
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3 billion years
2 billion years
1 billion years
13.8 billion years
4.6 Billion years
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SIGNIFICANT “EARLY EARTH” EVENTS:(pg11) • Water On Earth: During periods of intense impacts such as the Late Heavy Bombardment,
Volcanic Outgassing: Earth's early atmosphere formed mainly from volcanic
(containing frozen water) and asteroids brought water to Earth.
Volcanic Outgassing: Earth's early atmosphere formed mainly from volcanic
. Volcanoes released water vapor, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and other gases. (Earth’s early atmosphere did NOT contain oxygen at this time).
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comets
outgassing
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Stromatolites & Their Role In Producing Oxygen: (pg12)
are layered structures formed by
. Through
, these early organisms released
into Earth's
and OCEANS, helping cause the Great Oxygenation Event.
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stromatolites
cyanobacteria
photosynthesis
oxygen
Atmosphere
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Banded Iron Formations: Banded Iron Formations formed when
produced by ancient cyanobacteria reacted with dissolved
in Earth's oceans, forming
. BIFs provide evidence for the rise of oxygen on early Earth and the lead-up to the Great Oxygenation Event.
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oxygen
iron
iron-oxides
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The Great Oxidation Event: This was a major turning point in Earth’s history when
began accumulating in the
for the first time. (Also known as the “
.”) This transformed Earth from being a mostly oxygen-free world dominated by simple microbes into a planet capable of supporting complex life—including humans.
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oxygen
atmosphere
Oxygen Revolution
carbon dioxide
nitrogen
hydrogen sulfide
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Shapes Earth’s Surface:(pg13) -Water
when it
, so it will physically weather rocks. Ex: Frost Action -Water dissolves away at rocks like
to form
and SINKHOLES. -Stream erosion carves out landscapes and wave action reshapes coastlines.
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expands
freezes
limestone
caves
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High Specific Heat: Water has a
specific heat, so it will
the climate of coastal areas
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high
moderate
low
extreme
average
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Flux Melting: At
zones,
getting pushed into the
will lower the melting point of
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subduction
water
mantle
magma.
crust
lava
core
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THE CARBON CYCLE: (pg14) • The carbon cycle is the movement of carbon throughout Earth’s spheres. • Carbon Reservoir: Different places that carbon is
Carbon Flux:
in the Earth. The
is the
carbon reservoir. Other carbon reservoirs include the atmosphere, fossil fuels (coal), soil (permafrost), and rocks. •
Carbon Flux:
of carbon between reservoirs.
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stored
ocean
largest
movement
released
land
smallest
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HOW HUMANS IMPACT THE CARBON CYCLE:
Human activities, especially the burning of
•
Human activities, especially the burning of
and
release significant amounts of carbon into the atmosphere, altering the natural balance and contributing to climate
.
•
(CO2) is a
that contributes to global warming.
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fossil fuels
deforestation,
change
Carbon Dioxide
greenhouse gas
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NATURAL CLIMATE CHANGE: • Volcanic Ash: Volcanic ash released during major eruptions can
• Milankovitch Cycles: Milankovitch cycles cause long-term climate changes by altering Earth's
• Ice Ages: Ice ages are long periods in Earth’s history when global temperatures drop enough that large areas of the planet become covered by thick ice sheets and
sunlight from reaching Earth's surface, causing global temperatures to temporarily
and affect climate.
• Milankovitch Cycles: Milankovitch cycles cause long-term climate changes by altering Earth's
TILT, and WOBBLE, which change the amount and distribution of solar energy Earth receives.
• Ice Ages: Ice ages are long periods in Earth’s history when global temperatures drop enough that large areas of the planet become covered by thick ice sheets and
Ice Ages can be caused by the Milankovitch Cycles, changes in greenhouse gases, changes in the movement of landmasses, and ocean current shifts.
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block
cool
orbit
glaciers.
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EARTH’S ENERGY BUDGET: • Incoming Energy:
Outgoing Energy: Earth emits
(short-wave) and visible light enter Earth’s atmosphere and warms Earth’s surface. •
Outgoing Energy: Earth emits
(long-wave) energy back into space. However, some of that heat gets trapped.
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Ultraviolet
Infrared
Microwave
X-ray
Gamma ray
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GREENHOUSE GASES & ATMOSPHERIC CO 2:(pg16)
• Greenhouse gases
•
• Greenhouse gases
heat. • Ex: CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE, OZONE, water vapor, and nitrous oxide. • CFCs, ozone depletion, aerosols, pollution, and acid rain amplify atmospheric pollution and environmental concerns.
•
and URBANIZATION increase CO2 emissions contributing to climate change.
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trap
population growth
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Sea Level Rise: Melting
• Sea level rise can lead to coastal
and thermal expansion are contributing to sea level
.
• Sea level rise can lead to coastal
and
(when seawater moves into freshwater sources like wells and aquifers and contaminates the drinkable water supply).
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ice
rise
flooding
saltwater intrusions
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CLIMATE IMPACTS ON OUR OCEANS:(pg17)
• What Drives Currents: Ocean currents are driven by wind, differences in water density caused by
• How Currents Work: Currents help distribute
• What Drives Currents: Ocean currents are driven by wind, differences in water density caused by
and
the position of
, and Earth's rotation.
• How Currents Work: Currents help distribute
and regulate Earth's
. Warmer water from the Equator moves towards the Poles. Colder water from the Poles moves towards the Equator
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temperature
salinity,
landmasses
heat
climate
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OCEAN ACIDIFICATION: • Ocean acidification occurs when the
absorbs excess
(CO₂) from the atmosphere, causing the water to become
(lower pH). • This can make it harder for marine calcifiers such as
and shell-forming animals to build and maintain their
and skeletons
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oceans
Carbon dioxide
acidic
corals
shells
seas
oxygen
alkaline
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CYCLING OF MATTER & MANTLE CONVECTION: (pg19)
• Convection Cells: The movement of Earth’s tectonic plates is driven by
• Earth’s Internal Heat Source: The energy that drives convection comes from
• Convection Cells: The movement of Earth’s tectonic plates is driven by
cells in the ASTHENOSPHERE (mantle). Warmer, less dense magma rises. Cooler, more dense magma sinks.
• Earth’s Internal Heat Source: The energy that drives convection comes from
from Earth's
and the continuous
of
isotopes deep within the planet.
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convection
leftover heat
formation
decay
radioactive
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Seafloor Spreading:(pg20) Seafloor spreading allows us to compare ages of oceanic crust. Since new magma rises from
on the seafloor, the
oceanic crust is located
to the ridge in the middle of the ocean.
oceanic crust will be
from the ridge (near continents and subduction zones).
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mid-ocean ridges
youngest
closest
oldest
farthest
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Hot Spots: Likewise, we can determine the age of the Hawaiian Islands (and other volcanic island chains. The YOUNGEST islands are located
the hot spot (source of rising magma from the mantle) and the OLDEST islands will be located
from the hot spot.
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CLOSEST
FARTHEST
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EARTH’S INTERNAL & SURFACE PROCESSES: • Constructive Processes: forces/geologic processes that
Earth. These processes are usually driven by Earth's internal heat. Ex: The formation of new rock or sediment, mountains, magma rising up the surface to create new ocean crust or volcanic islands. • Destructive Processes: forces/geologic processes that
Earth. These processes usually occurs on Earth’s surface. Ex: Weathering, erosion, carving out of valleys from stream or glaciers, mass movements, severe storms (hurricanes, tornadoes), or natural disasters (earthquakes, tsunamis).
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BUILD UP
BREAK DOWN
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SETTLEMENT: • Throughout history, human populations have migrated and settled in regions with abundant
, even when those areas are vulnerable to natural hazards. • Freshwater & Soil: Civilizations tend to develop near river deltas and coastal regions because they provide reliable
, transportation routes, and
that supports agriculture (arable land). • The Hazard Trade-Off: Areas with the most valuable resources are often the most
. For example, coastlines are exposed to hurricanes and tsunamis, while volcanic regions offer fertile soils but also face eruptions and earthquakes. • Climate Influence: Long-term climate changes such as droughts or sea-level rise can force societies to adapt, relocate, or
to more suitable environments.
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NATURAL RESOURCES
FRESHWATER
FERTILE SOIL
HAZARDOUS
MIGRATE
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NATURAL RESOURCES: • Fossil Fuels: Fossil fuels are reliable and relatively
, but they
large amounts of
and other
that contribute to
Ex: coal, oil (petroleum), natural gas.
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INEXPENSIVE
RELEASE
CARBON DIOXIDE
POLLUTANTS
CLIMATE CHANGE.
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Renewable Energy: Renewable sources produce little to
and rely on
natural resources, but their output can be
and often requires
energy storage systems. Ex: solar, wind, hydroelectric. • Energy Design & Cost-Benefit: Every energy source involves
between economic, environmental, and social factors. Engineers must compare these options to maximize benefits, while minimizing negative impacts. Continual improvements & new technology are used to reduce human impacts on Earth’s natural systems. Ex: carbon capture, wind turbines, solar panels.
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NO EMISSIONS
UNLIMITED
UNRELIABLE
COSTLY
TRADE-OFFS
EARTH & SPACE SCIENCE
REGENTS REVIEW
By Lisa Agostini
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